Prince Tan of Yen Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Prince Tan of Yen - Essay Example Although it was quite difficult to figure out the way he could manage to fight such a strong King, he worked relentlessly and sought the advice of the wise men of Yen in the way that he could manage this task. After a long period of planning, the revenge plan failed and Tan had to remain in this state of shame. In reality, revenge is not the end of shame, but a beginning of shame itself. When the revenge plan of Tan failed, he was left more disgraced that he had ever been.  The Prince of Tan, after his release, felt very disgraced after his release after a long period of the hostage. The way the Prince managed to get out captivity seems to be more of a miracle than a win. When he requested to be released, the king expressed the hopelessness of such an instance by telling Tan to turn the Crow heads to turn white and the horses to grow horns (Ma and Lau 43). Surprising the Prince managed and the king had to let him go. The question that arises here is as to whether the Prince should appreciate his release or get into more problems by launching revenge. He hastily organizes a revenge attack against Chin, for which Chu Wu warns against the danger of confronting the strong king without considering the consequences. Tien Kuang, one of his advisor, also termed the issue a matter of grave for the state that needed long thinking (45). Although the two are willing to help in the planning process, they still fear the consequences of the matter. When Chu Wu and Tien Kuang go to kill the king, they end up being fooled and lose the battle (45-49). At the end, this mission becomes a disgrace for both Yen and Fan Yu Chi, another character that was obsessed with revenge for his family.  A keen observation of the story of the Prince of Yen shows that revenge is a source of disgrace rather than a source of exaltation. Although the Prince of Yen had shamelessly suffered from the torture from the King of Chin, it would have been better if he did not plan the revenge attack.

School System Essay Example for Free

School System Essay I. Introduction In this chapter, the researchers would like to propose an automated billing system in AMA Computer Learning Center (ACLC) College of Gapan City, Nueva Ecija. In our generation so many things are different. The advent of technology has changed the way we live, work and spends leisure time. Computer was considered the lifeblood of society; they are everywhere. And the advancement in discoveries, both in hardware and software, keep coming, day in and day out. Technology changes and improves at a rapid pace and companies and institutions have cope with it. This is because as the latest knowledge of development in computer technology grows people’s standard increase. They seek and crave for better and more efficient ways to accomplish tedious task. The group of Companies was built upon the dream of the late Amable M. Aguiluz Sr. (AMA), Auditor General and National Treasurer during the term of President Diosdado Macapagal, to build an institution that would provide world-class education to Filipino y0uth. That dream bore fruit on October 20, 1980 when his son Dr. Amable R. Aguiluz V. (ARA), established the AMA Institute of Computer Studies and blazed the trail for popular computer education in the country. Originally located along Show Boulevard, the pioneering school offered EDP Fundamentals, Basic Programming and Technology Career courses. In June 1981, AMA Computer College (AMACC) was launched offering a four-year degree course in BS Computer Science – the first to be offered in the country. From only 13 students, the population of AMACC surged to 600 in 1983 and to 1985. To meet the growing demand for computer courses, AMACC established its first campus in Makati in 1983. A second campus followed in 1986 in project 8, Quezon City. In 1987, AMA Computer Learning Center (ACLC) was established to offer short courses in computer programming and two-year technical vocational courses. Today, there are today more than 100 learning centers nationwide. In the same year, AMA Basic Education was formed to offer courses elementary, high school and eventually pre-school education. Now known as the St. Augustine International School, its branches are located in Metro Manila, Laguna, Cebu, and Davao. In 1996, AMA set up the AMA Telecommunications and Electronics Learning Center (AMATEL) – the country’s first-ever telecommunications school. It is now called AMA International Institute of Technology (AIIT). In 1998, ABE International Business was established to offer courses in Hotel and Restaurant Management (HRM), Business Administration and computer-related courses. Today, ABE has several branches nationwide. ABE is an international school affiliated with ABE in the United Kingdom. It offers not just local, but also international diploma and international practicum program. The AMA school network also expanded overseas with branches in Los Angeles, California; Manama; Bahrain; Bangladesh; China; and Hong Kong. In 2000, AMAES launched its most ambitious expansion program with no less than 14 branches being set up nationwide. To help it graduates finds employment, AMA established in the same year its own manpower placement agency called INFOTECH Professional Services Inc. The year 2002 saw AMA expanding into maritime education, medicine, nursing, care-giving and allied health courses. Now, the Norwegian maritime Academy (NMA), the AMA school of Medicine (ASM), and the St. Augustine School of Nursing (SASN) are making a mark in their respective fields with IT-based curricula. AMA Education System (AMAES) – the umbella for AMA schools, currently boasts of more than 200 branches nationwide and in key foreign cities. It has proudly produced more than 150,000 professionals who have been gainfully employed locally and overseas. On August 20, 2002, AMA was granted University status by the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) – a well-earned tribute to the first ISO-certificated computer educational Institution in the Philippines. Founding Chairman Dr. Amable R. Aguiluz V was installed as the first AMA University president. The billing system throughout the school has relied on pens and papers. The information of the students with regards to their billings, school fees, projected additional expenses, and other expenses within the year are done computing using pens and papers, they have a computer to encode the billing information, using the V-Look UP and Microsoft Office Excel 2007. Due to manual usage, they noticed that certain problems cannot be avoided like data redundancies, missing records of the students. Furthermore, some could not be able to handle the massive volume of the students. Under the old manual billing scenarios, getting rid of paper improves efficiency, reduces human errors and allow information to flow to their system without a time consuming data input process. And also a higher student turnaround as enrollees will be saved faster. And as the population of ACLC continues to grow, many difficulties in handling their billing in a manual process and one of the solution in this problem is to make their manual billing into a computerized system. With this, the proponent of this research sought to find the way to facilitate all the students billing records â€Å"an automated billing system† to replace the manual operations. The developer wants to improve especially to meet the needs of ACLC, also through this system, billing information is easily obtained hence, school tends to rely less in manual operations. II. Statement of the Problems The proponents would like to develop the ACLC to address the following problems of their school in terms of their billing system. 1. How the proposed enrollment system will help the school? 2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of the current manual enrollment to the proposed enrollment system? 3. How the proposed system helps the daily operations of the school? 4. How can ACLC come up to the solution that may possibly solve their manual enrollment process? 5. Who are those beneficiaries of the proposed billing system? 6. What are the difference in using the current and the proposed system? III. Objectives of the Study Creating a computerized enrollment system of ACLC is the main objective of the study. The following are the specific goals: 1. To develop the system that will minimize the processing time in accessing records, and calculating fees of students. 2. To provide a proper computer-based database for ACLC. 3. To build a user-friendly system that produces accurate and error-free data results. 4. To monitor the integration of the different operations, which includes billing data, database system, and payments, it is a need for computerization. 5. To secure all the billings, payments, fees of the students. 6. To lighten the load of the staff in accessing records. 7. To improve their billing system. IV. Scope and Delimitation The study covers the billing process in ACLC (AMA Computer Learning System). The centered on means of speeding up the billing report, computation of transactions of billing. This study will be a great help in converting the manual system to computerized system for great speed retrieval. The system developed in such way that the company will be able to obtain the following: Maintain the complete files in computerized form, prepare billing report in an easiest way, updates record time to time. The proposed system has the limitations, does not include time to time printing of transactions and does not retrieve data if have power interruption. V. Significance of the Study In the development of the study, the main goal of the developer is to develop a program that could be beneficial to as many people as possible. The computerized billing system is developed to provide constructive significance to the following: The Registrar – Student registration or enrolling will going to be much easier because of the proposed system, saving student files and adding subjects is convenient and faster. The Cashier To make their work easy and also they could handle all the billings of the students without time consuming data input process and can make the computation of every transaction in the easiest way. The Proponents the development of the system challenges the programming skills of the researchers whereby searching for a new programming platform to make the common and simple program through a more sophisticated and advance approach. Students they will accommodate in a short period of time during setting up their bill immediately. Management of the School – it helps to organize and supervise its company especially the students who give fund to operate the school properly in the process of giving correct billing. Parents – it helps them to know the total bill and load that their sons or daughters have for the whole semester and they are enrolled VI. Hypothesis of the Study The researchers will provide some predictions about the proposed billing system: 1. The proposed enrollment system will upgrade its manual enrollment process into an automated enrollment system. 2. It will lessen the works of the staff/ personnel through the help of proposed billing system. 3. The proposed system helps in minimizing the time and efforts and gives a convenient, more accurate, reliable, and there would be a consistent operations and procedures. 4. Through the help of proposed system, it will decrease the data handling errors of the students in their billings and information. 5. The proposed enrollment system could be the answer to the problems of the school in processing their billings. 6. The proposed enrollment system can change the current data management more efficient, secured, save more space for the office, handle or search student information easier and lessen data reiteration.

Freer Trade Stolen disclaimer :: Essays Papers

Freer Trade Stolen disclaimer â€Å"It is not one single cause that makes nations either prosperous or miserable. No friend of free trade is such an idiot as to say that free trade is the only valuable thing in the world; that religion, government, police, education, the administration of justice, public expenditure, foreign relations, have nothing whatever to do with the well being of nations† Macaulay 1845. If we could call free trade the string that ties nations together. Then we could say that the rule of law, education, a justice system, all part of a government, are basic binding points of free trade among nations. With Macaulay’s very eloquent disclaimer in mind we can say that free trade does exist and has been very successful, but it has yet to achieve its full potential. The full potential of free trade has not been achieved because these basic binding points have found themselves lacking in one way or another of Adam Smith’s’ economic ideal. Adam’s logic What is prudence in the conduct of every family can scarce be folly in that of a great kingdom. If a foreign country can supply us with a commodity cheaper than we ourselves can make it, better buy it of them with some part of the produce of our own industry, employed in a way in which we have some advantage. The general industry of the country†¦ will not thereby be diminished†¦ but only left to find out the way in which it can be employed with the greatest advantage. It is certainly not employed to the greatest advantage, when it is thus directed towards an object, which it can buy cheaper than it can make. AdamSmith1799. Adam Smith makes an invitation to apply as a nation what we already do as individuals. So free trade is an international extension of what we do everyday in providing and buying services from others. The key to success in doing this according to Adam Smith is specialization. A country must find an industry where it can have an absolute advantage by specialization and let other countries provide other products and services. David Ricardo added that if comparative advantage (usually by lower cost) beats you at something you are good take advantage of opportunity cost and spend your efforts on what you are best at that others don’t produce. Adam’s utopia The obvious and simple system of natural liberty, advocated by Adam Smith, in which individuals would be free to pursue their own interests, while the government provided infrastructure, and a legal framework within which commerce would take place was very idealistic.

Concussions In the NFL

Concussions in the NFL have become much more prevalent, and the effects of these concussions appear to have become more severe, as this is a direct result of the development of player training systems. Over the past decade there has been vast improvements made in the training equipment and techniques used to train NFL players. This has inevitably resulted in players getting much stronger, faster, and bigger. Over the same period of time concussions have also systematically became more frequent as well.This has led many people to believe that there is some type of relationship between the improvements in player training and the increase of concussions over the course of a NFL season. The focus of the first paragraph of this essay will be on the overall increase of strength and size of players and how this relates to concussions. The second paragraph will focus on the amount of season and career ending concussion that have occurred this last season opposed to the amount before it.The t hird paragraph will focus on the studies, which have been conducted on past players that have showed they have some sort of brain damage, which has resulted from football related activity. The overall strength and size increase is most obvious on the offensive and defensive lines. Consider this in the mid 1970’s Randy white starred at defensive tackle for the Dallas Cowboys. White weighed 257 pounds, he lined up across from centers weighing 240 or 250 pounds and guards who were considered huge if they weighed 265.Last year's Super Bowl featured defensive tackles B.J. Raji who weighs 337 pounds and Casey Hampton who weighs 330 pounds versus guards Chris Kemoeatu who weighs 344 pounds and Josh Sitton who weighs 318 pounds. To put it in perspective Randy White who played Defensive Tackle and weighed 257 pounds weighs almost 20 pounds less than Baltimore Ravens rookie outside linebacker Courtney Upshaw who weighs in at a whopping 271 pounds. Upshaw is also much faster than White was. This is a prime example of how players have increased in size and strength over the years, and have become more effective in there positions.Which means that players at certain positions will have programs specifically designed for them to get bigger and stronger. But players have not just gotten bigger they have also gotten faster. This increase in weight, overall strength, and speed is clearly a result of the developments that have been over the years in player training systems. With players looking more like modern day Roman Gladiators than football players, there is no wonder why concussions have been occurring more frequently. Over the past decade there has been a drastic increase in recorded concussions over the course of an entire NFL season including practice.From pre-season week 1 of the 2011-12 of the NFL season until week 17 regular season 2011-12 there was 167 concussions 12 of those resulted in players being placed on IR (Injured Reserve) which means they are inact ive for the entire season (season ending). Over the exact same period of time in the 2007-08 season there were only 115 documented concussions and only 4 of those resulted in Players being placed on the IR. That is a 48% increase in total concussions and 33% in season ending concussions, in just 4 seasons.So one can only imagine the increase that you would see from the early 1990’s to now, if concussions were documented as thoroughly then as they are now. This increase in concussions over such a short period of time is a direct result of player training systems, because in 2008 most NFL teams ran 5 2 a day practices per week in training camps, which only included 3 2 hour weight training sessions. But heading in to 2011-12 season most teams were running 5 2 a day practices and 1 3 a day practices, and the majority of those camps ran 4 3 hour weight training sessions.There have been several studies conducted on brains of ex-NFL players the most recent of those players is Junio r Seau. Seau committed suicide on May, 2, 2012 after a lengthy 19 year NFL career. Junior Seau suffered from chronic traumatic encephalopathy CTE, which is believed to have been partially induced by all the blows to the head that he has taken. Junior started showing symptoms of CTE at the conclusion of the 2007-08 season these symptoms include impulsivity, forgetfulness, depression, and sometimes-suicidal ideation.The time period in which Seau’s family said he started showing signs of CTE is coincidentally the same period of time that NFL teams started to increase the length of practice and conditioning exercises. Throughout the course of Seau’s 19 year playing career he played at least 13 games in every season up until the 2004-05 season and up until his retirement after the 2008-09 season he only managed a measly average of 8 games per season. He suffered 3 undocumented concussions according to his family and 2 more documented ones over the same time period.Junior is not the only ex-NFL player to be diagnosed, more than 30 NFL players have in recent years been diagnosed with CTE, a condition once known as â€Å"punch drunk† because it affected boxers who had taken multiple blows to the head. The increase of player’s size and strength in the NFL in recent years has a direct correlation with the increase in concussions. This evident by the 48% increase in total concussions since the 2007-08 season, and the 33% increase in season ending concussions.The facts that Junior Seau was virtually concussion free his entire career, which spanned 19 years up until the 2004-05 NFL season. Despite the advances in medical sciences and protective player equipment, it is just not enough to protect these mammoth NFL players from concussing one another. The first of two literary devices that I used was a metaphor â€Å"With players looking more like modern day Roman Gladiators than football players† This sentence suggests modern NFL players ex hibit many of the same traits that Roman Gladiators once exhibited.This sentence supports my argument because; the increase in player training technologies has essentially turned players into gladiators. The second literary device that I used was Irony â€Å"he started showing signs of CTE is coincidentally the same period of time that NFL teams started to increase the length of practice† this is ironic because it is not a coincidence at all there is clearly a direct correlation between length of conditioning/weight training exercises and amount of sustained concussions. Concussions In the NFL Concussions in the NFL have become much more prevalent, and the effects of these concussions appear to have become more severe, as this is a direct result of the development of player training systems. Over the past decade there has been vast improvements made in the training equipment and techniques used to train NFL players. This has inevitably resulted in players getting much stronger, faster, and bigger. Over the same period of time concussions have also systematically became more frequent as well.This has led many people to believe that there is some type of relationship between the improvements in player training and the increase of concussions over the course of a NFL season. The focus of the first paragraph of this essay will be on the overall increase of strength and size of players and how this relates to concussions. The second paragraph will focus on the amount of season and career ending concussion that have occurred this last season opposed to the amount before it. The third paragraph will focus on the studies, which have been conducted on past players that have showed they have some sort of brain damage, which has resulted from football related activity.The overall strength and size increase is most obvious on the offensive and defensive lines. Consider this in the mid 1970’s Randy white starred at defensive tackle for the Dallas Cowboys. White weighed 257 pounds, he lined up across from centers weighing 240 or 250 pounds and guards who were considered huge if they weighed 265. Last year's Super Bowl featured defensive tackles B.J. Raji who weighs 337 pounds and Casey Hampton who weighs 330 pounds versus guards Chris Kemoeatu who weighs 344 pounds and Josh Sitton who weighs 318 pounds. To put it in perspective Randy White who played Defensive Tackle and weighed 257 pounds weighs almost 20 pounds less than Baltimore Ravens rookie outside linebacker Courtney Upshaw who weighs in at a whopping 271 pounds. Upshaw is also much faster than White was.This is a prime example of how players have increased in size and strength over the years, and have become more effective in there positions. Which means that players at certain positions will have programs specifically designed for them to get bigger and stronger. But players have not just gotten bigger  they have also gotten faster. This increase in weight, overall strength, and speed is clearly a result of the developments that have been over the years in player training systems. With players looking more like modern day Roman Gladiators than football players, there is no wonder why concussions have been occurring more frequently.Over the past decade there has been a drastic increase in recorded concussions over the course of an entire NFL season including practice. From pre-season week 1 of the 2011-12 of the NFL season until week 17 regular season 2011-12 there was 167 concussions 12 of those resulted in players being placed on IR (Injured Reserve) which means they are i nactive for the entire season (season ending). Over the exact same period of time in the 2007-08 season there were only 115 documented concussions and only 4 of those resulted in Players being placed on the IR.That is a 48% increase in total concussions and 33% in season ending concussions, in just 4 seasons. So one can only imagine the increase that you would see from the early 1990’s to now, if concussions were documented as thoroughly then as they are now. This increase in concussions over such a short period of time is a direct result of player training systems, because in 2008 most NFL teams ran 5 2 a day practices per week in training camps, which only included 3 2 hour weight training sessions. But heading in to 2011-12 season most teams were running 5 2 a day practices and 1 3 a day practices, and the majority of those camps ran 4 3 hour weight training sessions.There have been several studies conducted on brains of ex-NFL players the most recent of those players is J unior Seau. Seau committed suicide on May, 2, 2012 after a lengthy 19 year NFL career. Junior Seau suffered from chronic traumatic encephalopathy CTE, which is believed to have been partially induced by all the blows to the head that he has taken. Junior started showing symptoms of CTE at the conclusion of the 2007-08 season these symptoms include impulsivity, forgetfulness, depression, and sometimes-suicidal ideation.The time period in which Seau’s family said he started showing signs of CTE is coincidentally the same period of time that NFL teams started to increase the length of practice and conditioning exercises. Throughout the course of Seau’s 19 year playing career he played  at least 13 games in every season up until the 2004-05 season and up until his retirement after the 2008-09 season he only managed a measly average of 8 games per season. He suffered 3 undocumented concussions according to his family and 2 more documented ones over the same time period. J unior is not the only ex-NFL player to be diagnosed, more than 30 NFL players have in recent years been diagnosed with CTE, a condition once known as â€Å"punch drunk† because it affected boxers who had taken multiple blows to the head.The increase of player’s size and strength in the NFL in recent years has a direct correlation with the increase in concussions. This evident by the 48% increase in total concussions since the 2007-08 season, and the 33% increase in season ending concussions. The facts that Junior Seau was virtually concussion free his entire career, which spanned 19 years up until the 2004-05 NFL season. Despite the advances in medical sciences and protective player equipment, it is just not enough to protect these mammoth NFL players from concussing one another.The first of two literary devices that I used was a metaphor â€Å"With players looking more like modern day Roman Gladiators than football players† This sentence suggests modern NFL pla yers exhibit many of the same traits that Roman Gladiators once exhibited. This sentence supports my argument because; the increase in player training technologies has essentially turned players into gladiators. The second literary device that I used was Irony â€Å"he started showing signs of CTE is coincidentally the same period of time that NFL teams started to increase the length of practice† this is ironic because it is not a coincidence at all there is clearly a direct correlation between length of conditioning/weight training exercises and amount of sustained concussions.

Counseling Techniques

The choice of the counseling technique to be used in a counseling session differs from the preference of a counselor to counselor but there are certain factors that influence the choice of counseling technique, a counselor is likely to apply in a given counseling situation.However the following factors influence the choice of the technique; suitability for the counseling technique to the prevailing needs of the client, the effectiveness of the counseling technique which is determined by the recorded success rate of the past use of the counseling resource as well as the situation of the counseling which is an important factor that needs to be considered before moving to the counseling. Creative counseling technique involves the use of dialogue, behaviour change as well as communication, movement and the sense of touch.Under the creative approach, the counselors’ use writings, the sense of touch artwork and speech to cause improvement to a patient’s mental health and inca ses or organizations or groups of people, the creative approach is aimed at improving relationships between individuals such as members of a family (Jacobs, 1992). Creative technique in counseling is easy to understand and apply as it depends on the use of resources locally available which both the patient and the counsellor can relate with.Creative counseling technique allows further use of visual aids, sense of movement that leads people to connect with each other easily. Conclusion A creative counseling technique is an effective method in that it allows for the utilization of many approaches which combine to yield lots of benefits to those who receive the counseling. Creative counseling is also important in that it can be widely applied in different contexts such as family, individual and teams. Reference Jacobs, E. (1992): Creative Counselling Techniques:An illustrated guide. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.

Impact Of Robtic Program Essays - Robotics, Robot, Fiction

Impact Of Robtic Program Essays - Robotics, Robot, Fiction Impact Of Robtic Program I saw the flier from Tech, and it was second week of school. I spotted out a robotic course at MIT. The program seemed tailored to my interest in math and science and to my competitive spirit. I couldnt resist the opportunity. When I asked some of my friends if they were willing to sign up for a course with me, most of them discouraged me by telling me it was too advanced for them or they did not have time for such a course. Finally one of my friends and I signed up. The first day was not the best day. My friend and I were the only two students from our school who had signed up for this course and other people in that class seemed to know much more about robotics than what we knew. We were all given identical kits containing Lego parts, a microscope, sensor, motors, batteries, and wire. Our task was to design a computer-controlled robot that would navigate around a game board. Before our project was initiated, we divided ourselves into groups and competed against each other. Sometimes we competed against other groups of students from other programs. My group faced many real world problems like the breaking of a wire at the last minute before a major the competition, or the robot refusing to follow the algorithm, which we had installed. I made my full share of mistakes, but by the end of the program, I had gained some real experience. Although our robot did not fare very well in the first couple of competitions, we came in second in our last competition. My learning process was underway, and I knew that I had found my place. Toward the end of the class my instructor asked me if I would like to come for the spring course as assistant instructor. The Experience I gained was worthwhile and an exhilarating affair while helping other in designing their Robots. I learned a lot from them while I was helping the spring group in designing their Robots. By then I knew I wanted robotics as my career. I planned to take classes in my senior year, which would help me in Robotics. I am taking course like AP computer science and AP physics, which will help me to get into Robotics. My intended major in college is Computer science, which is part of Robotics. I gained skills and experience when I had worked in-group and as an instructor, and those are the skills needed to work in an entrepreneurial business environment, which I have selected as my career objective. Pursuing Bachelor degree in Computer Science at the University of Boston will help me to get in Robotics my intended Graduate Major. I cant wait to get in to

Urdu Language Urdu Essay Example

Urdu Language Urdu Essay Example Urdu Language Urdu Paper Urdu Language Urdu Paper The term Urdu and its origin The term Urdu derives from a Turkish word ordu meaning camp or army. The Urdu language developed between the Muslim soldiers of the Mughals armies who belonged to various ethnicities like Turks, Arabs, Persians, Pathans, Balochis, Rajputs, Jats and Afghans. These soldiers lived in close contact with each other and communicated in different dialects, which slowly and gradually evolved into present day Urdu. It is for this reason that Urdu is also referred to as Lashkari Zaban or language of the army. During its development Urdu language also assumed various names like the term Urdu-e-Maullah meaning the exalted army which was given by Emperor Shah Jahan and the term Rekhta meaning scattered (with Persian words) which was coined by the scholars for Urdu poetry. History and Evolution of Urdu Language Urdu arose in the contact situation which developed from the invasions of the Indian subcontinent by Turkic dynasties from the 11th century onwards, first as Sultan Mahmud of the Ghaznavid empire conqueredPunjab in the early 11th century, then when the Ghurids invaded northern India in the 12th century, and most ecisively with the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate. The official language of the Ghurids, Delhi Sultanate, the Mughal Empire, and their successor states, as well as the cultured language of poetry and literature, was Persian, while the language of religion was Arabic. Most of the Sultans and nobility in the Sultanate period were Turks from Central Asia who spoke Turkic as their mother tongue. The Mughals were also Chagatai, but later adopted Persian . Muzaffar Alam asserts that Persian became the lingua franca of the empire under Akbar for various political and ocial factors due to its non-sectarian and fluid nature. However, the armies, merchants, preachers, Sufis, and later the court, also incorporated the local people and the medieval Hindu literary language, Braj Bhasha. This new contact language soon incorporated other dialects, such as Haryanvi, Panjabi, and in the 17th century Khariboli, the dialect of the new capital at Delhi. By 1800, Khariboli had become dominant. The language went by several names over the years: Hindawi or Hindi, [language] of India; Dehlavi of Delhi;Hindustani, of Hindustan; and Zaban-e-Urdu, the language of he [army] camp, from which came the current name of Urdu around the year 1800. When Wali Mohammed Wali arrived in Delhi, he established Hindustani with a light smattering of Persian words, a register called Rekhta, for poetry; previously the language of poetry had been Persian. When the Delhi S ultanate expanded south to the Deccan Plateau, they carried their literary language with them, and it was influenced there by more southerly languages, producing the Dakhini dialect of Urdu. During this time Hindustani was the language of both Hindus and Muslims. The communal nature of the language lasted until it replaced Persian as the official language in 1837 and was made coofficial along with English in the British Raj. This triggered a Hindu backlash in northwestern India, which argued that the language should be written in the native Devanagari script. This Hindi replaced traditional Urdu as the official register of Bihar in 1881, establishing a sectarian divide of Urdu for Muslims and Hindi for Hindus, a divide that was formalized with the division of India and Pakistan after independence from the British, though there are Hindu poets who ontinue to write in Urdu to this day. Although there have been attempts to purge Urdu and Hindi, respectively, of their Sanskrit and Persian words, and new vocabulary draws primarily from Persian and Arabic for Urdu and Sanskrit for Hindi, this has primarily affected academic and literary vocabulary, and both national standards remain heavily influenced by both Persian and Sanskrit. English has exert ed a heavy influence on both as a co official language. Official status Urdu is the national and one of the two official languages of Pakistan, the other eing English, and is spoken and understood throughout the country, while the state-by-state languages (languages spoken throughout various regions) are the provincial languages. It is used in education, literature, office and court business. It holds in itself a repository of the cultural and social heritage of the country. Although English is used in most elite circles, andPunjabi has a plurality of native speakers, Urdu is the lingua franca and national language in Pakistan. Urdu is also one of the officially recognised languages in India and has official language tatus in the Indian states of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar,[32] Andhra Pradesh, Jharkhand, Jammu and Kashmir and the national capital, New Delhi. In Jammu and Kashmir, section 145 of the Kashmir Constitution provides: The official language of the State shall be Urdu but the Eng lish language shall unless the Legislature by law otherwise provides, continue to be used for all the official purposes of the State for which it was being used immediately before the commencement of the Constitution. As of 2010, the English language continues to be used as an official language for more than 90% of fficial work in Kashmir. There are ongoing efforts to make Kashmiri and Dogri, spoken as mother tongues by nearly 80% of the population of Indian-administered Kashmir, as official languages alongside English. The importance of Urdu in the Muslim world is visible in the Holy cities of Mecca and Medina in Saudi Arabia, where most informational signage is written in Arabic, English and Urdu, and sometimes in other languages. Importance: Urdu is one of the most popular languages which are having a history of hundreds of years back. Urdu language got lots of preferences in various historical aspects. Urdu is considered as the language used by many ancient kings and it was the only language for communication in certain regions of ancient kingdoms. Ancient regions of Persian kingdom were the main areas of Urdu language. Years after Urdu language have been spread to India as one of the language in certain regions of India. In India Urdu language has been mostly used by the Muslim community. After that Pakistan has been divided from India and declared as an independent country for the Muslim community. As a result Urdu became the national language of Pakistan. Pakistan s considered as the birth place of Urdu poetry as Urdu is the main language of the common people in Pakistan. Urdu poetries are written in different forms by various experienced Urdu poets. Among the various forms of Urdu poetries Ghazal plays an important role which is a popular art form around all over the world. Ghazal has certain rules in its writing and one of the main rules is that Ghazal should end with the same words used for its starting and this rule is called ‘Radeef’. Gair Muraddaf Ghazals are a variety of Ghazals which doesn’t have a radeef. Ham Radeef Ghazals are those Ghazals with same radeef. Urdu Ghazal is an important form of Ghazal which is very much popular all over the world. Importance of urdu in pakistan Urdu holds the status of the national language of Pakistan. It is also the official language of the country and the post is also shared by English. It is understood all over the country and is the best medium of communication anywhere in the country. Urdu has been in the region since the 11th century. The rulers of that time urged the population to learn how to read and write Urdu. It is an Indo-Aryan language and is derived from three different languages which are Arabic, Turkish and Persian. The letters used in Urdu language are similar to the ones used in Arabic and Persian (Farsi) language. Though the letters are the same but the dialect and accent differs a lot. The word Urdu means army. In old times the armies in this region comprised of people from different nationalities. All had different languages and could not understand each other. A language was required which could be understood by all. Urdu emerged as the medium that linked all and was understood by all. According to different researches carried out, Urdu is not only spoken in Pakistan but also in many other parts of the world. It is one of the 23 official languages of India. It is widely spoken in Bangladesh and also in many gulf countries. There are also hundreds and thousands of Urdu speakers in the European countries and Americas. In Pakistan not more than 8% people have their first language as Urdu but the rest of the population speaks and understands Urdu as the second language. The estimated number of native Urdu speakers in Pakistan is 10. 5 million and all over the world the figure is 50 million approximately. In Pakistan alone the people who understand and speak Urdu as the first or econd language is 104 million approximately. Urdu is included as a compulsory subject in the schools and colleges of Pakistan. Urdu poetry and literature is taught and given prime importance alongside English in the institutions. The Urdu literature has a rich history and it has seen very eminent and world renowned poets like Allama Muhammad Iqbal and Mirza Ghalib. It is not only poetry but also a lot of Islamic litera ture and Sharia literature has also been written Urdu. It was even before many other languages that Sharia and Islamic literature was written and also translated in this language. Urdu has emerged as a binding force which has kept the people of Pakistan close to each other. National language A national language is a language (or language variant, i. e. dialect) which has some connection- de facto or de jure- with a people and perhaps by extension the territory they occupy. The term is used variously. A national language may for instance represent the national identity of a nation or country. National language may alternatively be a designation given to one or more languages spoken as first languages in the territory of a country. C. M. B. Brann, with particular reference to Africa, suggests that there are four quite distinctive meanings for national language in a polity:[1] ?Territorial language (chthonolect, sometimes known as chtonolect[2]) of a particular people ?Regional language (choralect) ?Language-in-common or community language (demolect) used throughout a country ?Central language (politolect) used by government and perhaps having a symbolic value. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Urdu theurdulanguage. com/Downfall. htm http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/National_language

Dont believe these 4 money saving myths

Dont believe these 4 money saving myths When we think of money and our grand financial plans- both short-term and long-term- we tend to cling to those old, time-tested maxims about saving money that we’ve heard over and over again, starting from when we were young and filling up our first piggy banks. We assume that most of these maxims are true- after all, they’ve withstood the test of time and if we hear something enough times from enough people we tend to accept them at face value. But†¦have you ever stopped and thought about whether or not these money-saving notions are actually true, or still hold up in today’s economy? Let’s take a closer look at some common money saving myths, and see if they still hold up.1. Debt is bad.Who hasn’t been told early on by someone in a trusted position that â€Å"debt is bad† and that we should always strive to live a life of total economic freedom, unshackled by the evil forces of debt, which only serves to cripple us financially. If this was something you simply accepted as true- think again.Responsible debt, which means borrowing money or utilizing credit within a range that makes realistic financial sense for you and your economic situation, is actually an effective way to establish a good credit history, and lets you build sound long-term financial habits and behaviors. Getting comfortable assuming debt, which can help you build your abilities with handling maintaining regular repayment schedules and understanding interest rates and other key financial terms, can really help set you up for responsibly handling future loans, purchases, and investments.2. Buying cheaper is smarter.Lots of us are guilty of this one- when considering a purchase we research a wide range of options at various prices and convince ourselves that the cheapest option is the most financially responsible choice. After all, we’re saving money, aren’t we? Well†¦maybe not.The truth is, it’s only sometimes true that pu rchasing the cheapest option is the smart approach. Why? Because it’s often true that cheaper isn’t better and you’ll wind up spending more money in the long run on replacements for the cheaper item when it breaks vs. buying the more expensive, higher quality item that lasts first.3. Owning is better than renting.This notion is about as old as the first mortgage and as pervasive as it gets†¦but is it true? Like many things in life, this isn’t so black and white, and the actual answer is†¦maybe.The truth is, it depends on your situation. While it’s often true that using your money towards paying a mortgage and owning property is a smart move when compared to paying rent to help someone else who owns the property, you have to keep in mind that owning property comes with many additional expenses, including property tax, land tax, and maintenance and upkeep fees, which renters often don’t have to worry about. So, depending on your fina ncial situation and resources, buying a house may also be buying you a set of financial concerns that you may not be ready to take on.Furthermore, the terms of a mortgage can vary wildly, and as we’ve seen during the recent mortgage crisis and housing bubble, depending on your mortgage things can get financially risky fast. The bottom line: it’s in your best interest to take a full, in-depth financial inventory before determining if buying or renting make sense for you right now.4. You don’t have to save money until I’m older.Many younger people fall prey to this notion, that they have plenty of time in the future to start worrying about saving money and being financially responsible. After all, isn’t it the privilege of youth to be carefree and irresponsible, and worry about the important stuff like money when they’re older?It might not surprise you that this is an extremely shortsighted and foolhardy approach to money saving. The truth is, it’s never too soon to start saving money and developing sound financial habits. Furthermore, once you get into the mindset that you can put something off until later, it only gets easier to keep operating under this principle, and later can quickly become too late.The truth revealedOkay, so now you know the truth- some of those old money-saving myths we’ve all been told may or may not hold up for you, depending on your current financial situation and short- and long-term financial goals. That said, make sure to always take stock of your current financial situation and outlook when making any serious financial decision, and if you can consult with a financial expert, even better. Good luck!

Movie research final project Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Research final project - Movie Review Example The killer would usually start taunting his victims through a telephone call befriending the victim and later being annoyed when the victim hangs up on him. He then attacks the helpless victim with several stabs until the victim dies. The movie was released in 1996. Regardless of Wes Craven's Scream, he represents historical events during 1996 and provides descriptions that apply today's adolescents' realities of social life and past culture 90's. It was in the 90s when technology was at its peak with the initiation of most people to personal computers, digital sounds, digital cellphones, microwave ovens and the like. Technology has become a personal issue. Communication was made swift and transportation an easy access. Even in remote places, people can be informed and up-to-date. These major events can be illustrated in the following incidents: In January 1996 particularly on the 5th "Yahya Ayyash, the "Engineer", the elusive mastermind behind a wave of Islamic suicide bombings against Israel, is killed in Gaza, apparently by a booby-trapped mobile phone." And on "Newspapers reported that Microsoft had struck deals with several computer makers that would give it a significant advantage the companies would not be allowed to use Windows." On December 16, "IBM announced on this day in 1996 it would stop selling computers that used that PowerPC chip and ran Windows NT. IBM, Motorola, and Apple had teamed up to challenge Intel Corporation's dominance in chips and Microsoft's near monopoly on operating systems." On the 17th "Intel Corporation and the Energy Department announced the development of a high-speed computer capable of performing more than one trillion calculations per second." Finally on December 26, "Six-year-old JonBenet Ramsey is found beaten and str angled in the basement of her family's Boulder, Colorado, home. The killing remains unsolved" (Rethinking History). [>>>I think this is enough, if you delete some more then you can no longer prove that there was indeed a technology uplift and it was used in connection with killings.] These two events, the killings and the booming of computer technology, are evident in Scream. There is the presence of intentional killing by two individuals to take it as a prank using technology to their advantage. The obvious use of a cellphone and the manipulation of the gadget in order for it to sound differently and distinct about just one type of voice. The computer is also given center stage as in the incident when Sidney could not use the telephone; she opted for the computer to send her message to 911. Although, there was only the use of VHS for movies, it was also reflecting the period because CDs, VCDs and DVDs came later. There were several intentional killings in 1996. The terrorists were using suicide bombers to make their message known

Young adults books Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Young adults books - Essay Example Social and economic problems make the situation still worse. Shattered is one of the Bluford Series book, by Paul Langan. The story is weaved around the problems of teens in a predominantly black school. It is the same old problem that has confronted the younger generation through the Ages—it is between him and her! Darcy Wills is the prime character in the story. By dating a boy named Hakeem, who has a stuttering problem, she derives instant sympathy from the readers. But not for long! Hakeem leaves Bluford for a short break to Detroit and then returns. In the meantime, Darcy has knowledge that he has another girlfriend and she is kept in dark about this relationship. The love-transaction is not over. Darcy too has been seeing another boy, and he loved her so intensely and as the proof of his desperate love, made a daring attempt to rape her, but her Dad rescued her from the dastardly act well in time! Perhaps that was his only contribution for the welfare of the family, by the otherwise drunkard father. When Darcy’s parents have their own personal problems, what family ideals they can impart to the children? The story makes an interesting read for the adults for obvious reasons. They may see part of their own perverted aspects of personality in the story. If one tries to extract some moral from the story, it could be—don’t keep anything hiding from your intimate friends, especially the boyfriend. Don’t come to judgment about any individual unless you verify the facts. As for your parents, try not to interfere in their problems. Love them both, if possible. Soon, the compulsions of the circumstances will bring them together, and they will understand that it is in their own interest not to create fresh problems and solve the existing ones. How the parents can cope up with children like Martin Luna? How students like him can pay attention to studies, haunted with the killer

Philosophy of Human Conduct Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Philosophy of Human Conduct - Essay Example I agree with Pojman's thoughts and see the fault with society's focus on only the end result and generalizing merit by not taking into account an individual's struggles and strengths I agree when Pojman points out that "nondeserved merit can be features that the natural lottery has distributed such as ones basic intelligence, personality type, skin color, good looks, and physical endowments" (86). I also think that merit comes more easily to those who are properly equipped to achieve it. For example I look at celebrities or wealthy aristocrats who have been granted merit for their large contributions to charity. These individuals may receive more praise and admiration than an everyday working class citizen who gives their last dollar to a homeless man on the street. I believe that the everyday citizen deserves just as much merit as the celebrity or wealthy aristocrat because the amount of money that one gives is not what warrants merit, but the generosity of the individual depending on their own personal income and what they can afford. Pojman points out that "Dessert then, is closely connected to effort and intention, whereas merit signifies positive qualities that call forth a positive response, including qualities that we do not deserve" (87). I think that Pojman used a great example out of Mickey Mantle discussing that just because he was a famous baseball player does not mean that he earned or deserved a liver transplant more than anyone else. I don't think that any human being can truly give merit to another because we can never know the inner workings of someone other than ourselves. Pojman says, "Whereas God, knowing our inner motivations, rewards purely on the basis of desert, we fallible beings, being far less certain as to how to measure effort and intentionality, tend to reward merit, the actual contribution or positive results produced" (87). The essay goes on to say that, " Another objection that underlines much of the suspicion of merit is the natural lottery, the idea that we do not deserve our genes, or natural talents, our families, our society, or even our determination to make an effort" (99). I agree that it would not be fair to give merit to someone for being successful in something that they were born to do. Just because someone is good at something doesn't mean they deserve any credit, credit should be given to the person who put in the most effort no matter the result of the effort. Someone could train everyday for a triathlon and still lose the race to someone who was born with more athletic ability than they have. Just because that person won the race does not mean that they put in as much effort or deserve to win. This belief that "effort is the decisive criterion of merit" (91), means that just because something comes easily for one person does not mean it is easy for everyone. Pojman says, "We are stewards of our talents and are judged on the basis of what we can do with them. Those who use their talents wisely and industriously deserve to be rewarded, whereas those who neglect their talents deserve reprobation" (90). I also think that if you acknowledge your ability, and push yourself in it, becoming the best that you possibly can, then merit is definitely deserved for your effort. I like the story Pojman told of the carpenter building the chair in the factory of the entrepreneur. The entrepreneur is talented in finding ways to make money

CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR - case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR - case study - Essay Example Thus, in this case, qualitative research was used to generate data that is based on the participants’ own categories of meaning, it is useful for studying a limited number of cases in detail, and tends to collect data in realistic settings (Oppenheim 1992)).The availability of relevant resources and time also played a contributory role to the methodology used. Methodology helps to organize, represent, and analyze data and information in a bid to answer the research questions of the study. The following are the basic steps involved in this section of methodology: The research has been designed in a survey based which was meant to elicit information from a limited number of people believed to have the information being sought, those who were able and willing to communicate. Thus, this survey about a small group of youths was meant to count representative samples and make inferences about the whole population. The study sought to describe the perceptions and views held by the youths in response to a social marketing campaign meant to change their behaviour with regards to drinking alcohol. Qualitative data is any form of data that cannot be statistically quantified (Struwig and Stead 2004). In this case, primary data was gathered through interviews from the respondents in a bid to get their view about changing behaviour towards drinking alcohol. The interviews incorporated in this study were conducted face to face with the respondents. The interview questions were maintained at a simple level and easy to understand. As shown in Appendix 1, the questions were open ended and exploratory in nature and focus was on gathering information about the main topic within a short period so that the respondents could respond quickly without wasting their time and efforts. The advantage of the interview is that first hand information can be obtained from the respondents with regards to their opinions and

Budgeting Memo Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Budgeting Memo - Assignment Example Upon questioning, I learned that people in charge of budgeting and procurement have to spend all of their budgets for fear of losing it the next year. Perhaps you got that idea from government spending which has a totally different setting with a non-government agency such as ours. It is widely known that most government agencies are under pressure to fully expend budgets that are set to expire (Boris Angelov, 2014) I am not happy with this situation because you have the wrong notion of budgeting. The rush of spending at the end of the fiscal year is only costing the organization unnecessary expenditures and wasteful. Budget is supposed to be an allocation to ensure that there are enough resources to accomplish set of goals. It is defined as an estimation of revenue and expenses over a period of specified time (Investopedia). For instance, if you have budgeted, $30,000 for training of personnel, and at close of the fiscal year, you have spent only $20,000 for the actual training; this does not mean you have to think of ways to spend the balance of the budget. Necessarily, it should be treated as a savings and be returned to the Treasury. An approved budget does not mean that you have to spend it to zero. We should form the practice of returning balances because as you contribute to our fund balances, you are adding to the health of our company. From now on, the practice of spend all will not be tolerated. Each manager has to explain why there are balances/deficits from the budgeted amount, and if there is a balance, the need to spend it should be rightly justified. Please be informed that I will not approve expenses not tied up with our goals but will commend managers who are efficient in their surpluses. If you fear of losing your budget for next year, I will propose to our Board of Directors to use Zero budgeting wherein every expenditure is justified, or each spending starts with an assumed value of 0 (Accounting Tools, 2014).

Research Paper (Accounting Research paper) Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

(Accounting ) - Research Paper Example They evaluated the Moore farm and ascertained a cost of $450,000 which is equivalent to the fair market value of an estate with geological flaw. The intention of the expertise was to organize the corporation to invest in building where each party will receive a just and equitable stock pursuant to the services or property contributed. Tim joined the joint venture after lawful consultation with his tax advisor where he opted to transfer the land for the sale instead of receiving the stock with a note of $450,000 bearing an interest after five years. Tim recognized a gain on the sale of land instead of a stock of $450,000. The gain of this interest is taxable pursuant to the internal revenue code. Concord Instruments Corporation, 67 TCM 3036, T.C. Memo. 1994-248, a related fact pattern, upheld that the oral instructions to the broker to sell the stock at a very high cost comprised of enough identification of the shares. Reg. Â § 1.107-1(c)(3) articulates that stock can only be identified fully when (1) a particular stock to be sold is identified by the taxpayer and (2) the broker in written form confirms the instructions of the taxpayer within a period deemed reasonable. The IRS’s position in concord case was that no written confirmation of the instructions of the taxpayer was provided as per regulation demands. It is, therefore, lawful that the gain amount to be recognized should follow the FIFO basis in determination of the cost incurred to the shares sold. The taxpayer had an obligation to admit the argument of the taxpayer. It was concluded that the regulations in action currently do not make the provision of exclusive ways of identifying the stock that is sold. The taxpayer was allowed by the court to use the specific identification method. In a similar case, The Internal Revenue Code Reg. section 1.1031(a)-I(c), the ruling involved the property of the same kind but

Budgeting Memo Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Budgeting Memo - Assignment Example Upon questioning, I learned that people in charge of budgeting and procurement have to spend all of their budgets for fear of losing it the next year. Perhaps you got that idea from government spending which has a totally different setting with a non-government agency such as ours. It is widely known that most government agencies are under pressure to fully expend budgets that are set to expire (Boris Angelov, 2014) I am not happy with this situation because you have the wrong notion of budgeting. The rush of spending at the end of the fiscal year is only costing the organization unnecessary expenditures and wasteful. Budget is supposed to be an allocation to ensure that there are enough resources to accomplish set of goals. It is defined as an estimation of revenue and expenses over a period of specified time (Investopedia). For instance, if you have budgeted, $30,000 for training of personnel, and at close of the fiscal year, you have spent only $20,000 for the actual training; this does not mean you have to think of ways to spend the balance of the budget. Necessarily, it should be treated as a savings and be returned to the Treasury. An approved budget does not mean that you have to spend it to zero. We should form the practice of returning balances because as you contribute to our fund balances, you are adding to the health of our company. From now on, the practice of spend all will not be tolerated. Each manager has to explain why there are balances/deficits from the budgeted amount, and if there is a balance, the need to spend it should be rightly justified. Please be informed that I will not approve expenses not tied up with our goals but will commend managers who are efficient in their surpluses. If you fear of losing your budget for next year, I will propose to our Board of Directors to use Zero budgeting wherein every expenditure is justified, or each spending starts with an assumed value of 0 (Accounting Tools, 2014).

Chinese food in the United States( food as culture) Annotated Bibliography

Chinese food in the United States( food as culture) - Annotated Bibliography Example Furthermore, the author determines how the Chinese cuisines have shaped the American cuisines. This source utilizes both primary and secondary evidence on how Chinese food came to America. I find this source to be helpful in explaining the origin of the Chinese foods in the United States. It will help in developing a background for my topic. It will help the reader realize how this food increased in the foreign land, America. The source credibility is from the author who is a writer of different newspapers including the popular New York Times, and has experience in Chinese restaurants. In this article, Hayford explores one of the Chinese Cuisines that has become dominant in the United States. In particular, this researcher examines how â€Å"Chop Suey† went through different challenges before it was accepted in different restraints and be used by different ethnic groups. The Northerners believed that â€Å"Chop Suey† was not authentic (7). Congress laws on immigration after the World War II saw a decline in Chop Suey. As a result of education and restaurants competitiveness, this cuisine was also appreciated. Asian-Americans students use it to embrace national heritage in showing cultural fusion. However, this journal article does not provide methods used in collecting data. Fortunately, its arguments are well explained using both secondary and primary sources of data. This article will be helpful in explaining how Chinese food helps them in embracing their national heritage in the age of cultural fusion. I believe that relating Hayford integration of Chop Suey with china will help in explaining how food can identify a given nation. This article relates to Coe book, which provides history on how different Chinese foods reached the United States. The article credibility comes from the use of primary and secondary data. Also, the author is an independent scholar who has worked

Todays Educational System Essay Example for Free

Todays Educational System Essay What is wrong with the education system we follow today in the country? The general education system is focused only on examinations rather than training students for the future and really testing their knowledge. Because of this, students are forced to take tests that show only their retention powers, not their actual capacity or knowledge. So engineers today cannot do actual work in technology and doctors do not go to people who need their services. Is the problem with the system or the approach towards education as a whole? Today, students are completely professionally-oriented and they take examinations for the same rather than to gain knowledge, or do research in the subject. In our colleges, we have infrastructure and good faculty, but there is no motivation to do research. Even in the field of medicine, no one is motivated to do research because everything is so examination and job-oriented. But that is also a requirement of today’s times. Yes, but not at the cost of real learning. India’s education system looks at commercial gains only and students are trained to look at their monetary future. The curriculum is also built around clearing an exam and getting into particular professions. Learning is not a priority. So who is at fault for this mess? Those regulating and those making policies are equally responsible. If the system has deteriorated to this level where learning has been substituted by a race to clear an examination, regulators and policymakers are to blame for not acting on time to correct this anomaly. It’s also not enough to have rules and regulations, it is important how they are implemented. Government bodies are not controlling institutions. That should become a priority. Also, for good institutions that are promoting real learning, there should be no interference. Is the present practice of allowing the private sector indiscriminately into education the right approach? Most educational engineering and medical colleges owned by the government are not equipped in terms of infrastructure and faculty and their quality has been suffering. The better government institutions cannot accommodate the vast number of students who are seeking to get into them. So the need for the private sector comes in. They are filling the gap. But private sector institutions also charge very high fees. Yes, many of the private institutions take advantage of the situation and charge high fees. There are very good students in rural areas but they can’t afford good education today. In some states, the government does regulate fees, including your state (Tamil Nadu). Yes, but instead of concentrating on just the private sector institutions, the government should strengthen and improve the quality of the government educational institutions. Once that is done, quality education will become affordable and everyone would be willing to join them. Now the standard of these institutions, barring a few leading ones, has gone down so much that no one wants to go there. Everyone is going to private sector colleges, even at a much higher cost. â€Å"The combined engineering entrance exams is a good idea. Without it, many rural students will not be able to get in.† What’s the solution? How can we put the system in order? One way to do this is through public-private partnership. It has succeeded in many sectors, so why not in education? The private sector can develop the institutions and provide infrastructure and the government can build the curriculum and run them. In fact, policymakers, professionals and the public should come together with an aim to build good educational institutions. It is good to have as many universities as possible, because many students do not get an opportunity to get into good colleges. But the government should have a strict control on every aspect, like infrastructure, faculty, facilities and curriculum, right from the time they are set up. There should be a periodic accreditation system where once every two years institutions seek accreditation and the regulatory bodies check if all norms are being followed, for it’s often seen that once a sanction comes through, institutions openly flout norms. Corruption is rampant at institutions as well as regulatory bodies. Yes, and seats are today sold for a lot of money. This is because private institutions spend a lot of money to set up infrastructure and they try to get that back in any way—scrupulous and unscrupulous. This is something that needs to be totally weeded out. There is a big debate on the combined engineering examinations. Is that a healthy idea? It is a good proposal and should be extended to the medical colleges too. Without the entrance exams, many rural students cannot get in because those from the big cities have the advantage of coaching and scoring high marks. With a common exam, everyone will be on an equal footing. Your institution, Aravind Eye Care Group, has set examples of fair play and stands out in this system with values and principles. How do you continue to do that? We have set our own standards and we select purely on merit. Our tuition fees are not enhanced to suit our needs and we provide value-based education. We ensure that adequate facilities like infrastructure and faculty are available before we start a course. We cannot forget that students sacrifice a lot to come to learn. And we do periodic evaluation. Is there anything you want to tell today’s students? They must remember that college education is the basic foundation. It’s the only place they will get to learn. Once they are outside, they will have to practise what they learnt herethey will not get a chance to learn outside. So they should seize the opportunity, make the most of it.

Lolita :: essays research papers

Lolita is one of the most unconventional literary classics of the century. Lolita is a twelve-year-old girl, who is desired by the European intellectual Humbert Humbert. As the narrator of the story, Humbert chronicles his abnormal childhood, adolescent experiences, and an adventure in a booming American as a European tourist and pedophile. But it is key to realize his first heartbreak as a boy manifests into his desires for nymphets. This point is made clear in both the novel and movie. I will show that the movie Lolita, is a solid rendition of the novel of the same name. Now some critics might see the novel as something more than I took it, like a contrast between the modernistic character of Humbert Humbert against the post-modern Americans that he encounters. Forget all that, I honestly thought the movie to be a convincing love story. On the surface level it was about an obsessive man and his love for nymphets, who met Lolita, the object of his desires. There were differences between the movie and the novel, yet I felt some scenes were left out of the movie that did not hurt the story at all. Also, some scenes were added which actually strengthened the story line in the movie. I bet professional critics say the new version of Lolita did not measure up, well I loved it. Dominique Swain was awesome (a little hottie as well) and she perfectly played the character of Lolita. She may have even been more manipulative in the film version. An example of this was when Lolita was toying with Humbert as she rubbed her foot all over him in order to get a raise in her allowance and be able to be part of the play. You could not be much more sexual, manipulative girl than Lolita was! On minor change was that Lolita was twelve in the novel and fourteen in the movie. This was simply done to make the relationship a bit more accepting in the viewer’s eyes. I don’t believe it harshly affected the story at all. In both works, Lolita was just a manipulative girl who had no idea what life was about. She was almost sucked into the porn business by a pathetic man who she worshipped as a Hollywood star. Plus, she handled Humbert perfectly in setting her escape to live with Quilty. Humbert was also played brilliantly, yet I felt there was more longing in the novel Humbert, though we were still able to see his burning desire for nymphets and Lolita in general.

Local Government In Tourism Essay -- essays research papers fc

Local Government has no Role to Play in Tourist Development The local Government is one of the keys to tourism development, a complete contradiction to that of the essay statement, which I believe really has no ground to stand on. In this essay I will illustrate this point by showing the roles with which local government plays within the community, and the importance it has to creating a successfully developed tourism product that maximises the benefits for not only the residences of the community but the tourist himself. Over the past forty years, trends in the tourism industry illustrate there has been evident growth on both a regional and global perspective. Because of this increase and growth of the industry it has ultimately brought large benefits to communities, providing great opportunity, economic development, employment and social benefits. Due to this benefit it is imperative that communities capitalise on these opportunities. One of the major authorities which provides the key roles to this success is that of local governments, who provide the ideal, authority, infrastructure and planning procedures to maximise the benefit for its communities, in a sustainable manner.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The reasons for Local government playing such an important role is due to its channels of communications with its nations powers, who control the actions and decisions of the country. The government creates local governments and provides the framework and influence of decisions that local government makes for its community. This is initially created by government that sets the framework of legislation for local government to abide by. The government then creates local government to enforce the legislature and provide a nurturing role for the community. Government can not address the problems of the entire country, so it uses local government, to distribute its ideas, and hold influence over its regions and communities. This also illustrates that local government plays a major role in a communities development providing the links between the people and government and implements and addresses its community’s problems, frameworks and ideals, and receives the c orrect guidance for developing its regions product. Local government is ultimately created to nurture, channel and control ideas of the country into its community so as to create benefits and realisa... ...d healthy returns for the communities residence. Local government has no role to play in tourism development is a bold statement in the least. The reason for this is local governments steer its communities in the right direction, through allocation of scarce resources into the correct development procedures. Now than ever before the influence of correct allocation has been apparent, as they are becoming far more limited, and if not used correctly, it is inevitable that in the long term market failures will occur. Local government is the key to tourism development in all communities, with its guiding hand it will ultimately produce the best benefit for all on a sustainable level, which will increase tourist arrival, increase community benefit and create a far more wealthy community and country. Bibliography Collier, Alan Principles of Tourism Fourth Edition Longman 1997 New Zealand Tourism Board Tourism in New Zealand Strategy and Progress New Zealand Tourism Board New Zealand Tourism Board Current Issues in New Zealand Tourism 1997 New Zealand Tourism Board Plimmer, Neil Tourism and Local government 1993 Young, Ernst How and why should local government promote tourism 1995

Education Sector In Pakistan

The undermentioned subdivision provides an overview of the instruction sector in Pakistan and the development of this sector in context to the growing of the national economic system. Furthermore, this subdivision besides discusses the cardinal issues and jobs confronting the instruction sector with possible growing chances and chief aims of the paper that we seek to accomplish in this paper following the thesis.1.1 An Overview of Educational Profile, Educational inputs and Educational accomplishments in Pakistan.Harmonizing to Tariq Rehman organize the National Institute of Pakistan Studies of the Quaid-e-Azam University, a thorough reappraisal of the system of formal instruction by the experts from the World Bank and other research institutes rendered the colleges here in Pakistan â€Å" substandard, bureaucratic, hapless and inefficient † . A unfavorable judgment every bit rough as this may raise excessively much wonder as to how so many alumnuss of Pakistan, including Engi neers, Doctors etc, with merely a small extra preparation, were able to travel abroad and postulate in the field with those who have had received instruction from relatively advanced institutes. However, it holds rather a burden of truth in it ( Net Industries, 2011 ) . Until the 1990s, a really limited sum of resources were allocated towards the instruction sector in comparative footings. merely 1.1 % of the Gross National Product was constituted the public instruction outgo which increased to 3.4 % by 1990. This addition in the financess allotment appeared rather unfavourable as compared to the defence budget in 1993, which was 33.9 % of the GNP. Throughout the history of Pakistan, at least until the 1990s, comparatively limited resources were allocated to instruction. In 1960, the public outgo on instruction was merely 1.1 per centum of GNP ; by 1990, the figure had risen to 3.4 per centum, though it compared rather unfavourably with outgos on defence, which stood at 33.9 per centum of GNP in 1993 ( Net Industries, 2011 ) . The instruction system in Pakistan is included among the most backward systems in Asia, empowered by the customary feudal and madarassa system. In 2004 the literacy rate was 52 % with male literacy much higher than that of female ( 64 % Vs 39 % ) . With the predominating unfairnesss in instruction with regionally and with regard to gender, the nucleus issue appears to be the relatively high budgets for higher instruction degree than for primary and secondary degrees. The authorities has nevertheless, become cognizant of this state of affairs in the recent old ages and has put in an attempt to take on this job that is confronting the instruction system with respects to the defects in the budget allotment towards the basic degrees of instruction ( EIU, 2005 ) . There are, in Pakistan, about 40 million kids that in the age bracket of 5 to 15 old ages, which is the conventional school traveling age. At Primary level the gross registration rate is 89 % and the dropout rate is 50 % . This implies that that the 18 million kids dropped out of primary degree, of the 36 million kids that are really enrolled. the extra 4 million kids that are deprived of entree to schools do up about 22 million kids of the entire 40 million who should be go toing the school. nevertheless, the instruction system in Pakistan is, unluckily, excessively lacking to provide to the demands of these disadvantages groups ( CEF, 2005 ) .1.2 Structure, Performance and Growth of the Primary Education Sector in Pakistan.The duty of instruction sector lies with the provincial authoritiess. However, this function has been fulfilled throughout the old ages since the origin of Pakistan by the federal authorities, taking through reforms and policies for instruction on national degree and carry oning the necessary research for betterment in this field. Higher instruction degrees like universities, centres for research and excellence have been chiefly drawing resource financess from the federal authorities through a committee known as University Grant Commission. Furthermore all the educational establishments located in the federal district are run by federal disposal. The Ministry of instruction is the caput, under which the federal ministry of instruction operates, and is assisted by the instruction secretary, a senior bureaucratism member. Education secretary appoints instruction curates that administer the provincial instruction sections in charge of the separate divisions of instruction catering to the demands of different degrees of instruction. The states are farther divided into territories and parts with separate governments divided between primary and secondary degree, with primary degree being administered by the territory caput while the secondary degree being administered by the part caput. The Colleges are on the other manus governed by educational board of directors at provincial degree ( Net Industries, 2011 ) . Harmonizing to a study on the National instruction Policy published in 2009, the part of the private sector towards instruction makes up about a 0.5 % of the GDP, which round up to be about 1/6th of the fiscal resources ( OECD, 2007 ) . The construction of Primary, secondary, Higher-Secondary schools, Inter Colleges and universities is dominated by the populace sector accounting for about 64 % of the enrolment rates while the private sector merely contributed a portion of 36 % overall. However, the function of private sector has expanded over the old ages despite the lack reflected in the hapless comparative growing of this sector ( MOE, 2009 ) .The instruction system in Pakistan has been adulterated by series of issues that can be attributed to the educational dualism, connoting the English-Urdu, public-private and urban-rural derived functions. This leads to educational unfairness that provides merely a cabal of pupils with choice instruction while bulk suffers from deficient instruction. These issues are faced at local, territory and national degree and are capable to political and federal concerns. Furthermore betterment in this respect is farther hindered by the corruptness and nepotism, including instructors with doubtful certificates make fulling in at responsible stations through illegal agencies while polluting the whole system. The deficiency of basic installations at schools at local and territory degree adds to the already deteriorating criterions of the instruction system in Pakistan whereas jobs associating to resource allotment and airing of financess have plagues the system at national degree ( CEF, 2005 ) .1.3 Millennium Development Goals: Targets and Accomplishments in Pakistan.For Sustainable Development of Human Resource, the UN member provinces came up with a design of planetary partnership that was adopt ed in 2000 consisting 8 development ends ( Millennium Development Goals ) . The chief ends of this partnership were to eliminate poorness and hungriness, Attain Universal Primary degree Education, Encourage Gender equity and authorising adult females, better wellness status and guarantee a sustainable environment. the effect of inordinate arguments brought about a model of 18 marks and 48 indexs to be incorporated in the examination of each end ‘s advancement ( Government of Pakistan, 2005 ) . Pakistan adopted 16 marks and 37 indexs to detect the development of the Millennium Development Goals maintaining under consideration the company specific restrictions and resource handiness. Among these ends, one seeks to achieve cosmopolitan primary instruction guaranting betterment in the net registration rate, primary completion rate and literacy rate all over Pakistan without gender favoritism by the twelvemonth 2015. The MDGs besides reach out to authorise adult females and extinguishing gender disparity to all degree of instruction by 2015, which is mensurable by the Gender Parity Index ( Government of Pakistan, 2005 ) The Net Registration Rate in 2002 was 42 % as opposed to 46 % in 1991, bespeaking a diminution by 4 % in that decennary. This diminution was largely contributed by the turning tendency in population and poorness while the investing in decrease sector by the authorities remained low. Harmonizing to PSLM study ( Pakistan Social and Living Standard Measurement Survey ) in 2004-05, the net registration rate indicated an betterment demoing a figure of 52 % for the study twelvemonth. A important betterment in this respect was recorded during the past four old ages. The lending factors in this respect included the demand and supply of educational reforms and other targeted plans, which induced an addition in the authorities budget for the instruction sector while heightening the engagement rate by the private sector at the same time ( Government of Pakistan, 2005 ) .1.4 Educational Dualism in Pakistan: A Rural-Urban Divide and Differentials in Investment in Education.For the deficiency of u njust distribution of resources between rural and urban countries, the public presentation and end product generated from both the countries seem to portray the fact obviously through severally induced impacts and the spread. The drawbacks of rural countries start striking out more from secondary degree and worsen with progressive degrees. Surprisingly plenty, for 2005-06 the Gross Enrollment Ratio degree at early childhood instruction degree for rural countries was in fact higher than degree that persisted in urban countries i.e. 93 % in rural countries as compared to 88 % in urban countries. At the primary degree GER in rural countries still exceed the GER degree in Urban countries but the spread was much narrower i.e. 85 % in rural countries as compared to 84 % in Urban countries. From secondary degree and onwards, for 2005-06, the statistics seem to demo the disadvantage being inclined towards the rural side with urban countries holding a GER at 48 % while it GER for rural countries dropped to 22 % and this per centum spread between the two countries has seemingly widened from 20 points in 2001-02 to 26 point 2005-06 ( MOE, 2009 ) . Even more surprisingly, an anomalousness besides exists in the consequences of some steps of efficiency provided by the rural statistics, for illustration, repeat rates for Grade 1 in rural countries ( 3.1 % ) as compared to that in urban country ( 2.25 % ) . And this comparing holds its stance throughout the other classs at primary degree. For class 5, the repeat rate for rural countries was 2.9 % against 2.0 % in urban countries. However, the reign of surpassing the urban country is really limited in the favour of rural countries. The survival rate in urban countries is 94 % while it is merely at a 67 % in the rural scenes ( MOE, 2009 ) . Similarly in footings of investing in instruction or input the statistics show the same favourable result boulder clay primary degree for rural countries but more slope of end product as we proceed on to upper degrees of instruction. The Pupil Teacher Ratio for rural countries is favourable holding 39 students per instructor as compared to the urban countries where ratio persists to 49 students per instructor. However, from secondary degree and onwards, the destinies of the rural-urban public presentation contrary as the result shows a preferred slope towards urban countries holding 12 students per instructor as compared to 18 students per instructor in rural countries ( MOE, 2009 ) . Furthermore, the installations provided in the rural countries are scarce and deficient piece at the disbursal of rural schools, 90 % of urban schools tend to profit from H2O installations while merely 63 % or rural schools enjoy the installation and most of them suffer from hapless installations. sanitation installation provides the rural schools with a similar disadvantage. Where 88 % of urban schools are provided with proper sanitation installation, merely 56 % of the rural schools have this installation at their disposal ( MOE, 2009 ) .1.5 A Review of Educational Policies and Educational Reforms in Pakistan ; Issues, Concerns and Areas of Potential Improvement.Since the origin of the state in 1947, the instruction policies have been coming in series and have been incorporated as that in the National Education Policy 2009. The reappraisal procedure initiated in 2005 for the National Education Policies runing from 1998 to 2010 and the first bill of exchange or papers, which is know n as the ‘White Paper ‘ was finalized in March of 2007. The procedure of reexamining the policies in 2005 before the presently bing model ( 1998-2010 ) was started as a consequence of an induced inspiration to the Ministry of Education from two sensible factors. The first chief ground was that the usher to policy model was rather unsatisfactory, owing to the failure in accomplishment of the coveted educational consequences that were the intended ends of the policy. Performance of instruction sector lacked in the assorted cardinal factors, particularly the entree rates, educational chance equities and in overall quality steps. The 2nd ground that stood out was that new challenges on planetary degree like the Millennium Development Goals and Dakar Education for All ( EFA ) have gathered huge mass in the past old ages and such aggressive demands need to be met with considerable step that need to be taken. Furthermore, globalisation and the attempt of states to accomplish a degree of an educated society or as they call it the â€Å" Knowledge Society † has stimulated the thirst for accomplishing better instruction criterions. Besides the planetary force per unit area that is necessarily faced, the desirable ends of accomplishing economic development and demographic passages on a domestic graduated table have rendered it mandatory to reexamine the policies for the interest of growing in educational quality ( MOE, 2009 ) . The basic intent of these policies is to map out a scheme at national degree for educational development counsel in Pakistan and many of the policy actions that have been sketched out in the have already been put into drama in earlier reforms. These include development prospectus, policy for text edition stuff, losing installations ‘ proviso and other policies implemented on provincial and regional footing. The policy takes these inductions into considerations and structures them in its recommendations ( MOE, 2009 ) . The effectivity of instruction system is greatly affected by the political societal and authorities substructure. To the extent that these factors impact the instruction sector, educational policies can non be formed without taking these factors into consideration. The instruction system is rather brooding of the societal norms and beliefs and militias upon itself rather an impact of these determiners ( MOE, 2009 ) . All the contents of thesis until now may connote that Pakistan has shown advancement on many indexs mensurating the educational efficiency or result, nevertheless, the instruction system in Pakistan besides suffers from two major defects bespeaking an deficient entree to educational gaps and low quality of instruction that is provided. This depresses the criterions of instruction non merely on a local graduated table of comparing between the end product and the national ends but besides on an international degree to a greater extent excessively. The two chief causes responsible for such a loose public presentation of the instruction sector are: ( I ) Commitment spread and ( two ) Implementation spread. the former implies deficiency of committedness towards the educational ends taking to the latter that has frustrated the execution and practicality of policies ( MOE, 2009 ) . Coping with the underlying jobs faced by the educational sector, a demand for an simple alteration in the idea procedure is in line that may impact the educational policies in a coveted manner. This demand of alteration in the though procedure is reflected in the Planning Commission ‘s study ‘Vision 2030 ‘ which negotiations about some major inventions and alterations in the current system of instruction. This practical swing, nevertheless, calls for the demand, which takes into consideration, the public assistance of the pupils and the scholars alternatively of those who plan and implement the policies. Handily plenty, the policy addresses this issue in the signifier of demand for suggestions and action plans the will cover with issues sing the vision, precedences and administration of the sector while besides covering with the jobs faced by single subsectors in an mixture with early childhood instruction at one terminal and grownup acquisition at the other ( MOE, 2009 ) .1.6 Keywords and Definitions.Completion/Survival Rate to Rate 5 Dakar Education for All Dropout Rate Educational Dualism Empowering Womans Gender Disparity Gender Equality Gender Parity Index Gross Enrollment Ratio Gross National Product Human Development Literacy Rate Millennium Development Goals Ministry of Education National Education Policy Net primary registration ratio Public Education Outgo Pakistan Social and Living Standard Measurement Survey Primary Education Secondary Education Universal Primary Education Vision 20301.7 Study Objectives.Chapter 2: Literature Reappraisal2.1 An Overview of Educational Profile in Developed and Developing Countries.Education is the driving force of alteration in the universe. Education ( which is non ever the same as schooling ) brings authorization. Without instruction, people can be capable to maltreatments by the most powerful. For illustration, illiterate provincials can be driven off their land by those who have entree to legal instruments which they can non act upon. A adult female, who does non hold entree to other points of position, may ne'er come to oppugn the arbitrary authorization her hubby has over her. Without instruction, people may be constrained to happen humble occupations that do non carry through them and others will look down on those who perform these occupations. Without instruction, those who are marginalized or oppressed may non hold the resources to denounce the unfairnesss they suffer from and to claim their rights. ( IDRC, 200 9 ) There is an extended empirical literature on returns to education that focuses both on developed and developing states ( Jaffry, Ghulam, & A ; Shah, 2007 ) . Available literatures in developing states compare the returns to academic instruction and vocational instruction ( Nasir & A ; Nazil, 2000 ) , or seek to place the impact of finishing a given schooling rhythm on net incomes ( Appleton, 2001 ) .2.1.1 Educational Spending and Educational Infra-Structure.2.1.2 Educational Inputs and Dualistic Education.The rural-urban divide has been a major country of survey in development economic sciences, concentrating on rural-urban divisions within states, peculiarly with regard to industrialisation ( Kuznets, 1955 ) . In more recent times, surveies on rural-urban issues have focused on economic geographics, and its links to migration, urbanisation, trade and economic growing. While legion surveies have considered the rural-urban educational divide within a individual state, there has been limited research on this issue across states ( Ulubasoglua & A ; Cardak, 2006 ) We find that states with greater resources and those with more effectual channels to apportion these resources have lower RUEI. Such distributional channels seem to be influenced by institutional model such as the legal system within a state, colonial history, and political stableness every bit good as geographical features such as being landlocked and/or a larger state. Specifically, states with legal systems of Gallic beginning ( Gallic legal system ) , on norm, have higher RUEI, while the contrary is true for states with legal systems of British beginning ( British legal system ) . Besides, states with colonial yesteryears in general, and the states with post-war independency in peculiar have higher RUEI. This may be related to the extractive instead than colony nature of settlements deriving independency in the post-war period. In add-on, states with less stable political environments, that are landlocked and those with larger surface countries have higher RUEI, proposing that su ch factors negatively influence effectual allotment of resources between R & A ; U countries, other things being equal. We besides find that RUEI is lower in economic systems with larger formal labour markets and better substructure, while riskier human capital investing and more limited recognition handiness are associated with greater RUEI. The cardinal point is that instruction degrees are determined by the tradeoff between resource usage in the family and formal markets. This is affected non merely by economic development within a state but by differences in development and chances between R & A ; U countries and the manner that nation-wide factors influence both R & A ; U households.9 The undermentioned theoretical statements underpin our empirical analysis of cross-country differences in the ratio and the degrees of R & A ; U schooling old ages ( Ulubasoglua & A ; Cardak, 2006 ) .2.1.3 Educational Outcomes and Achievements.2.2 Indexs of Assessing Educational Quality and Outcomes.Educational Outcome indexs progressively are being used to measure the efficaciousness of American instruction. The growing of indexs of this type has been motivated in big portion by a turning demand to keep schools accountable for their public presentation, defined in footings of results, such as standardised trial tonss, instead than inpu ts, such as instructor makings, category size, and the figure of books in school libraries. Unfortunately, most schools and territories have non developed and implemented public presentation indexs that are wholly suited for this intent. As a consequence, many pedagogues and bookmans fear that these indicator/accountability systems could badly falsify the behaviour of pedagogues and pupils and therefore be worse than holding no indexs at all. It is hence really of import to see the standards that define an acceptable, valid public presentation index system ( Meyer, 1997 ) . Strengthening the quality of instruction has become a planetary docket at all educational degrees and more so at the primary degree. The quality of basic instruction is of import non merely for fixing persons for the subsequent educational degrees but to fit them with the necessity basic life accomplishments. Quality instruction besides ensures increased entree and equality and it is chiefly due to these grounds that assorted international Forums and Declarations have pledged betterments in quality of instruction. National committedness towards quality instruction has become significantly seeable since the late 1880ss. From so onwards, the authorities has experimented a figure of enterprises and intercessions for bettering quality with national and foreign support ( Mirza, 2003 ) . Despite the turning concern about the quality of instruction, its crystallised definition is slightly hard ( Aspin & A ; Chapman, 1994 ) , mostly due to a broad array of stakeholders and consumers along with the complexnesss of teaching-learning procedure which need to be unfolded continuously. Footings like effectivity, efficiency, equity, equality and quality are frequently used interchangeably ( Adams, 1993 ) . Most of the people view quality of instruction as the larning results of pupils which is the primary concern of all stakeholders. But to accomplish the coveted quality the ancestors, that is the input and procedure should besides hold quality in footings of efficiency, effectivity, excellence, and societal justness. The quality instruction end product can be achieved merely if quality is ensured at each degree of the educational procedure from standard scene, larning environment, teacher preparation, teacher-learning procedure, appraisal and monitoring ( Meyer, 1997 ) . The Dakar Framework of Action 2000 defined quality of instruction in footings of recognized and mensurable larning results particularly in literacy, numeracy and indispensable life accomplishments. Article 42 of the Expanded Commentary on the Dakar Framework of Action farther elaborates that ‘a quality instruction is one that satisfies basic larning demands, and enriches the lives of scholars and their overall experience of life ( UNESCO, 2000 ) . The steps to achieve the needed quality were suggested as under: 1. Healthy, good nourished and motivated pupils. 2. Adequate installations and learning stuffs. 3. A relevant course of study. 4. Environment that encourages larning. 5. Clear definition of larning results. 6. Accurate appraisal of larning results. 7. Participatory administration and direction. 8. Prosecuting local communities. The Recife Declaration of the E-9 undertaking reaffirmed about all the above declared ends of instruction. It has besides mentioned the usage of modern engineering in all facets of instruction ( Meyer, 1997 ) .2.3 Educational Policies, Centralization and Decentralization.Several factors that spur instruction reform derive from the region-wide displacement to open economic systems and planetary competition. Two of these factors are particularly of import. The first is the turning centrality of cognition as a production factor. The 2nd is the increasing planetary character of information, communicating, and economic activity. Both these factors are aggressively increasing the demand for instruction. They are set uping a new and compelling economic statement for educational reform. They are besides doing powerful histrions outside educational systems – politicians, concern leaders, development-assistance establishments ( DAIs ) , and civil society more by and large – to press for better schools and a better quality of instruction ( Puryear, 1999 ) . Pakistan took a sweeping attack to decentalisation. It introduced an ambitious program to devolve political and financial cardinal powers to new local authoritiess. A degeneration program was launched by the National Reconstruction Bureau, and during the short period of clip ( 18-month from March 2000 to August 2002 ) , the state created three degrees of new local authoritiess -districts, Tehsils ( urban and rural municipal disposals including metropolis towns ) , and Union Councils. Provincial finance committees have been established in all four states to plan their ain transportation system. While there has been progress in devolving political powers, financial and administrative decentalisation are still dawdling behind. – The financial transportation system from cardinal authorities to local authoritiess needs to be improved ; – Support for the local authoritiess needs to be strengthened ; – The designs of the provincial transportation system need farther betterments peculiarly to guarantee equalisation ; and – Decision-making powers need to be transferred to local authoritiess. – In December 2008, the Prime Minister constituted a commission to revisit the Local Government Ordinance, 2001, in order to take failings and better the Local Government System. ( World Bank, 2011 )2.4 Human Resource Development Policies and Changing Educational Policies.2.5 Regulatory Framework an Educational Reforms in Developing States.2.6 Millennium Development Goals on Education: Target Setting, Compliance and Performance Gaps.2.7 Opportunity Wage, Child Labor and Educational Outcomes.Early child care and pre-school policies have become an of import focal point of the authorities ‘s scheme for bettering the wellbeing of kids, either through the enabling consequence that child care has by leting parents to work or through other more direct effects of early instruction on kids. The purpose of this paper is to cast visible radiation on the inquiry of how effectual early pre-school and schooling are at bettering the wellbeing of kids, and whether any impacts are likely to be durable. In accomplishing this purpose, we add to a good established literature both from the UK and from around the universe ( Goodman & A ; Sianesi, 2005 ) . An estimated 158 million kids aged 5-14 are engaged in child labour – 1 in six kids in the universe. Millions of kids are engaged in risky state of affairss or conditions, such as working in mines, working with chemicals and pesticides in agribusiness or working with unsafe machinery. They are everyplace but unseeable, laboring as domestic retainers in places, laboring behind the walls of workshops, hidden from position in plantations. In Sub-Saharan Africa around one in three kids are engaged in child labor, stand foring 69 million kids. In South Asia, another 44 million are engaged in child labor. The latest national estimations for this index are reported in Table 9 ( Child Protection ) of UNICEF ‘s one-year publication The State of the World ‘s Children. Children life in the poorest families and in rural countries are most likely to be engaged in child labor. Those burdened with family jobs are overpoweringly misss. Millions of misss who work as domestic retainers are particularly vulnerable to development and maltreatment. Labour frequently interferes with kids ‘s instruction. Guaranting that all kids go to school and that their instruction is of good quality are keys topreventing child labor ( UNICEF, 2011 ) . In Pakistan kids aged 5-14 are above 40 million.During the last twelvemonth, the Federal Bureau of Statistics released the consequences of its study funded by ILO ‘s IPEC ( International Program on the Elimination of Child Labour ) . The findings were that 3.8 million kids age group of 5-14 old ages are working in Pakistan out of entire 40 million kids in this age group ; 50 per centum of these economically active kids are in age group of 5 to 9 old ages. Even out of these 3.8 million economically active kids, 2.7 million were claimed to be working in the agribusiness sector. Two million and four hundred 1000 ( 73 % ) of them were said to be male childs. During the twelvemonth 2001 and 2002 the authorities of Pakistan carried out a series of audience of three-party spouses and stakeholders ( Labour Department, trade brotherhoods, employers and NGOs ) in all the states. The aim was to place the businesss and the classs of work, which may be considered as risky under the commissariats of ILO Convention 182 ( Arshad, 2007 ) .MATCHING WITH THE LABOUR MARKETPolicy Actions:1. Courses at the secondary and higher secondary degree shall be reviewed with a position to doing them more relevant to the demands of the labor market in order to better prepare those pupils non traveling on to farther surveies. 2. A survey shall be conducted to measure the impact of proficient matriculation and explore ways of presenting an improved system of proficient and vocational instruction at high school degree.The watercourse shall offer bipartisan nexus with the academic watercourse and besides provide links to a revamped vocational and proficient sector at higher degrees. 3. Approaches shall be found to supply pupils with a window to the universe of work. This could affect short assignments with the local endeavors and establishments or â€Å" occupation shadowing ‘ attacks to familiarize pupils with the work environment. 4. A calling counsel and service shall be introduced at secondary and upper secondary degrees, if non in each school, at least for school bunchs. This shall affect local employers in supplying information about occupation gaps and the nature of work demands. ( MOE, 2009 )Chapter 3: Methodological and Analytic ChoicesChapter 4: Appraisal and Analysis