History of Bolsheviks in Russia Essay

The Bolsheviks, originally also Bolshevists were a faction of the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) which split apart from the Menshevik faction at the Second Party Congress in 1903. The Bolsheviks were the majority faction in a crucial vote, hence their name. They ultimately became the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. The Bolsheviks came to power in Russia during the October Revolution phase of the Russian Revolution of 1917, and founded the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic which would later in 1922 become the chief constituent of the Soviet Union. The Bolsheviks, founded by Vladimir IllyichLenin, were by 1905 a mass organization consisting primarily of workers under a democratic internal hierarchy governed by the principle of democratic centralism, who considered themselves the leaders of the revolutionary working class of Russia. Their beliefs and practices were often referred to as Bolshevism. Bolshevik revolutionary leader Leon Trotsky commonly used the terms â€Å"Bolshevism† and â€Å"Bolshevist† after his exile from the Soviet Union to differentiate between what he saw as true Leninism and the regime within the state and the party which arose under Josef Stalin but as we will get to know there are similar traits to the Bolsheviks regime and that of Stalins. The Bolsheviks were journalists long before they were state leaders, and they never forgot the impact of a well-aimed message and the role of media. Newspapers were the life-line of the underground party. Formative ideological and political debates were conducted in them; reporters and deliverers evolved into party cadres; and readers became rank-and-file supporters. At times, newspapers smuggled from abroad kept the Party alive; and Lenin’s editorials often forestalled factional division. Revolutionary struggle taught Bolsheviks the value of mass media, and confirmed their belief that culture is inherently partisan. In times of political turmoil, they exploited it skillfully. Illegal front-line newspapers helped turn soldiers against the Great War; effective propaganda helped win the Civil War. Yet the revolutionaries knew that the same weapons could be used against them. When they took power, they protected themselves by denying the opposition access to public opinion; printing presses, theaters, movie houses were all eventually confiscated and placed under state monopoly. The Bolsheviks considered these measures necessary and just to maintain power and control as the ruling and dominant political party. Soviet authorities were never ashamed of their monopoly on different aspects of culture. Culture was a weapon of class struggle as identified by similar events in the Chinese Revolution as the media and its variety of channels would amplify the rate and effieciancy of propaganda. Allowing the enemy access to mass media would have seemed criminally stupid. To debate the ethics of censorship was a waste of time; the Bolsheviks’ concern was how to mold popular values, how to reach the masses, reflect the wishes of the state and censure alien ideals. This essay will look at the reason why the Bolsheviks were convinced that a stringent control over the media through a monopolistic system was necessary for holding unto political power but would eventually lead to press freedom for the masses due to a systematic process of internally socializing the Soviet Union with a strong appeal to the working class which would help solidify the Bolsheviks political power in the long term. With a strong thought that they overly represented the working class, the control over the media represented one of the strongest tools to control and effectively influence the social working class in the Soviet Union. 1 Bolsheviks and the Media The early twentieth-century media suited Bolshevik purposes. Under Bolshevik sponsorship, they spoke with one powerful voice, unweakened by dissent or excessive subtlety, unencumbered by complexity. Red propaganda depicted a world of stark contrasts: Bolsheviks were valorous and self-sacrificing; the Whites were cruel and debauched. It was no time for half-tones or self-conscious irony. Bolshevik propaganda might seem heavy-handed, yet judging by its success, much of the public did not resent the overbearing tone. Opponents on both the left and right were no match for the Bolshevik blitz, and some, like the Whites, were particularly ineffective in shaping public opinion. Discussions of Soviet mass culture have usually dwelt on its administration and rhetoric more than content and reception. This is unfortunate, because mass culture was a rare example of equilateral negotiation in Soviet society. The culture gap could not be forced as it stood as an obstacle to the unity of the nation behind one unilateral political party. The economy could be socialized; industry could be whipped into higher production; and citizens could be made, at tremendous cost, to behave as they should. But socialist society demanded not that people just say the necessary things, but also think them in private. Socialism had to be internalized. Many Bolsheviks saw the mass media as the path from ideology to internal thought. It converted abstract phrases into concrete images. Propaganda demanded the cooperation of three groups: the Party and state, which provided the content; the skills of writers and artists, who made ideas into image; and the audience, which received and digested the images. Leaders, artists, and citizens all acknowledged the wishes of the other. The audience craved interesting material; the state needed its values represented by symbols; artists desired an arena for their creative energies (and a respectable living). One side-the audience-stayed mute about its thoughts, yet even at the height of tyranny, no mass audience could be forced to watch a movie or read a book. After claiming to represent the working class and finally taken power in Russia, the Bolsheviks saw themselves as the rightful representation of the working class. Though the Bolsheviks felt they were right in claiming to represent working class within their many promises and strong influence, they were not justified in making this claim in the end. The party felt it had won the right to represent the proletarians by promising freedom and self-government, but after demonstrations such as the Kronstadt Rebellion and the formation of the Cheka, it became apparent that the Bolsheviks had betrayed the working class. Firstly, the Bolsheviks felt that they were a clear representation of the working class. One of the main reasons for this assumption was Lenin’s irresistible promises to the working class. In Lenin’s work â€Å"Declaration of the Rights of the Toiling and Exploited Peoples† he outlines the rights and privileges promised by the Bolshevik party if they should come into power. One of the first rights he outlines is â€Å"The sovereignty of the people; i. e. , the concentration of the supreme power of the state in a unicameral legislative assembly composed of representatives of the people. Lenin sets out to demonstrate how the Bolshevik party stands for people’s representation in government, to further show the proletarians that the Bolshevik party is a â€Å"people’s party†. Lenin then goes on to point out that workers should be given the right to â€Å"Unrestricted freedom of conscience, speech, press and assembly; the right to strike and to form trade unions. † Because these new rights and freedoms were never available to the proletarians under the Tsarist regime, the promises made by the Bolsheviks were too good to pass up. In addition, the strength of the influence of the Bolsheviks’ served to gain support of the working class to the extent that other parties could not reach. Alex Shotman demonstrates how he and many others like him were influenced more by Lenin, leader of the Bolsheviks , than any other party leader. The result of this debate and many others like it demonstrate how Bolshevik influence dominated in comparison to that of any other party. Because of the many promises and strong influence of the Bolshevik party, its members felt that they were justified in representing the working class. The validity of this idea, however, proved to be questionable after the Bolsheviks came into power. 2. Monopoly and the Media The Bolsheviks established a state monopoly of the media that absorbed literature, art, and science into a stylized and ritualistic public culture–a form of political performance that became its own reality and excluded other forms of public reflection. Although Lenin had control he wasn’t completely supported by the people of Russia. To gain support Lenin made a secret police force, which was in charge of erasing any opposition to the party. The Bolsheviks were also renamed the Communists. Freedom of press was cancelled, unless you supported the Communist cause. The government took control of all ways of life. Lenin also made peace with the germans as he knew if war continued, the revolution wouldn’t fully work. Although some were angery with the losses Russia had in the treaty, the Bolsheviks were in control, though it was not a steady form of control. There was still widespread opposition and soon a civil war broke out. he socialist ideologyon the freedom of press viewed it from two categories. Firstly the Leninism-marxism was completely against the idea of freedom of press as either absolute or abstract. The argument embodying this was that in a capitalist society the notion of freedom of press applied only to the Bourgeoisie and therefore the right to freedom of press applied to only a small percentage of the population. The first action to implement restrictions on the freedom of speech was the introduction o f the Decree of the Press authored by Lenin himself. The Decree and form of press which advocated for opposition and insubordination to the ruling communist party. An excerpt from the Decree below details the the thought of Lenin on how the monopolising the press would later benefit the masses and the working class: â€Å"For the bourgeoisie, freedom of the press meant freedom for the rich to publish and for the capitalists to control the newspapers, a practice which in all countries, including even the freest, produced a corrupt press. For the workers’ and peasants’ government, freedom of the press means liberation of the press from capitalist oppression, and public ownership of paper mills and printing presses; equal right for public groups of a certain size (say, numbering 10,000) to a fair share of newsprint stocks and a corresponding quantity of printers’ labour. † He recognised both the revolutionary potential of the workers’ press, see for example a number of his early articles such as Where to Begin and What is to be Done, and the reactionary role of the bosses’ papers (as did Marx later in his life). However, the class nature of society had actually corrupted the press, according to this resolution. Against the bosses’ newspapers, the revolutionary government set up a commission to examine the links between the capitalist press, shareholders and who owns, funds and organises the bosses’ newspapers. However, at this stage of the revolution the bosses’ press had not been suppressed, that came soon after with the invasion of Soviet Russia by 19 different armies and attempts to undermine the revolution. Sadly, these measures of suppression in part laid the basis for the later dictatorship of Stalin and the snuffing out of freedoms alone with wholesale state terror and murder of millions. In one way the suppression of the press proved Marx’s original point about human freedom but in a far more terrible way. 3. Aftermath of Monopolising Freedom of the press in the Soviet Union The Bolshevik leadership took it for granted that the revolutionary changes that they would carry out in the area of property relations, that is economic reforms, would result in equal revolutionary changes in culture. Thus in the first decade of their rule, the Bolsheviks would allow a degree of tolerance for independent creativity as well as developing government policies to mould the thoughts and behaviour of its citizens. The Bolsheviks were prepared to use propaganda on a scale never before used by any government to create a people attuned to the ideological dictates of their rulers. To this end, Lenin created a series of institutions to manage every aspect of public activity. The Supreme Council of the National Economy was formed to direct and coordinate all aspects of the communist economy. All matters dealing with the security of the State were entrusted to the Cheka and the Revolutionary Military Council handled every aspect of the Civil War. To manage the social revolution, Lenin consolidated all cultural organisations into a single large bureaucratised institution called the Commissariat of Enlightenment (=Narkompros) under the leadership of Anatolii Lunacharskii until (1929). Lunarcharskii was the Cultural Commissar and his all â€Å"counterrevolutionary newspapers were closed. a State monopoly over newspaper advertising was created. Lenin hoped to restrict the publication of anti-government newspapers by denying them advertising revenue. However, despite this, some 3,000 anti-Bolshevik newspapers continued to be published between November 1917 and June 1918. July-September – all independent newspapers were closed down by the Bolsheviks. On 27 May 1919 a state monopoly on paper was created. The state could now control the publication of all books. 6 June 1922 saw the censorship of all publications and pictorial matter was placed under the control of Narkompros. Publications of he Communist Party and its affiliates the Communist International and the Academy of Sciences were exempt. Due to these rules of censorship any semblance of independent thought disappeared from public life in Russian. From 1918 onwards, authors and painters learned to practice the art of self-censorship because they knew that the government censor would be keeping a strict vigilance on the work. Despite this however, Stalin was to in troduce even more severe censorship laws after 1928 to further ensure that the government controlled the mind and the social development of the ‘communist citizen’.

Children Matters: Conflict Minerals and their harmful

Congo, I decided to focus my paper on the children of the Congo and rounding countries, Including stones of child soldiers of the country and how It affects the community and family stung there. Why? These children are facing an unimaginable reality that is culturally bypassed by our degree of living here in America. I want to see how my recent knowledge of conflict minerals affects this relationship between the young children there and how it contributes to their upbringing, If there is a relationship at all.For this paper, extensive research has been placed on many sources, both academic and non-academic. I tried to choose viewpoints that showed opposition to en another on the subject of child issues and conflict minerals, as well as find viewpoints that might provide a unique perspective. For the beginning research and to get me started on thinking of the conflicts within the Congo come the two texts we used for our conflict minerals readings and paper one, â€Å"Consuming the Co ngo' by Peter Chastened and â€Å"Coolant† by Michael Nest.Both these text offer opposing views on the role of conflict minerals within the Congo and but detail some statistics and personal experience to. Peter Lactated Is a dedicated Journalist who shares stories f human rights abuse and is also a stakeholder in the role of child soldiers, the focus of his first main book written in 2010. He has spent years traveling throughout Africa finding tales of incredible courage from natives and exposing some of the true horror that takes place there. Michael Nest is a Journalist who focuses development issues and governance with regards to natural resources.He has collected many statistics through his work In Africa to showcase and explain that It's not only minerals that are fueling the fire in the Congo, and takes a look at other political and economic factors. From my academic books and to hopefully showcase some light on child soldiers' subject I choose these credible books. Fir st is â€Å"Young Soldiers, Why They Choose to Fight by Rachel Brett and Irma Suspect. This book collects firsthand accounts of why children who have been abducted by various militia groups throughout Africa by the former soldier themselves.It also highlights their roles In book and its accounts within because they offer true words and experiences from these kids. The authors spent a good deal of research to showcase this book and it reflects in the stories that are given. My next piece is title Child Slavery Now by Gary Craig. Gary Craig is an Associate Fellow and Emeritus Professor of Social Justice at the Wildflower Institute for the study of Slavery and Emancipation where he led a team of workers following modern slavery for nine years.He currently is His book has brought together countless contributions from multiple authors, each with a high level of understanding of modern slavery issues, all around the world. This piece offers great support for this topic. My last book, tit led â€Å"War and Children†, is a reference handbook written by Kenned E. Deputy and Shrink Peters. This book, although lengthy, highlights some of the true horrors of mid Africa and there consequences both to the country, and to the children. It's great interesting to see how an unlucky experience in the Congo or anywhere else can lead to a life full of pain.This reference also effectively describes the groups and activist that are in the fight to help solve these horrible happenings and uses other sources that help represent additional stakeholders in my paper. Other notable sources used for this paper include some facts that represent United State stakeholders from Whitehorse. Ova, the official government site of the United States of America. I also used an article from the New York Times who offers current and public opinion on what is going on multiple issues worldwide.These sources are trusted by the people of America for our daily news to governmental policies put in e ffect across America. Their ethos is incredibly accounted for on a variety of issues and I am happy to have their words and facts within this document. Interesting enough there is a stakeholder that is not represented by words but has had his actions criticized by my other sources. His actions have recently gained national attention and exposure from credible news stations to social media sites such as Backbone and Twitter.Everyone is asking the same question, where in the world Joseph Kong is. Joseph Kong is the leader of the LIRA, the Lord's Resistance Army, infamously known for their recruitment of young child soldiers within their group from the Congo, by any means necessary. Joseph Kong might be the most searched man for 2012 but his lack of words will prove to be the source of some of the most heated feelings within the Congo and among my other sources. I look forward to explaining more as the paper goes along.My luckiest and most valuable source I feel I have for this paper i s my friend Maggie who recently spent 6 months in Uganda, a neighboring country of the Congo in which she dedicated her time to helping child soldiers within the area. Before she came, she did years of research, independent study, and kept up to date with Invisible children, rehabilitation centers, what happens to people once they get out of the center. For months she followed Sam Chillers, who opened an orphanage to protect surrounding areas from the dangers of child soldier endangerment and abduction.She worked personally with former child soldiers and listened and learned their stories and built relationships with these children over a span 3 months, recently coming back in September 2011. Her firsthand experience and knowledge of the unfolding events there both give her an incredible amount of ethos and a leg up on my paper for my sources; I feel her story will help me better With these sources in abundance, I have no doubt I have some good information and good opposing views fo r this paper. These sources are backed by years of research and personal stories/experiences.I didn't really give thought to how many resources I should pick, but feel this is quite adequate for the lesson at hand. Their words should really give a detailed look into the lives of the children within the Congo, and how conflict minerals and other factors contribute to this rapidly media attention getting lifestyle of Africa. Section l: Fact: Conjecture and Definition The conjecture of conflict minerals and child issues within the Congo are in abundance with regards to my sources. For the beginning of this section and my early research, I have found that all my sources do in fact agree on the belief that these actions are real.That is, they are happening. The steady mining of minerals by natives who have been exploited and/or worse, turned into rebel army members to force others to do their dirty deeds has Just been the fuel that has burned this real life wildfire for years. â€Å"Con suming the Congo' written by Journalist Peter Chastened might Just perhaps be the best source to define the term conflict minerals. His book was incredibly easy to understand and relate to as he took me through the Journey behind the curtains of Africans darkest war.He defines the conflict minerals resources mined in the midst of armed conflict and egregious human right buses† (Chastened). That is, these are minerals used by the world by labor rights that cause conflict within Africa. These conflicts included forcing natives to mine the minerals under the eyes of militia groups that use the minerals to wage for machinery within their rebel groups. As well as his research behind the conflict minerals within the Congo, Peter helps tie in my other research and definition of child soldiers within the country as well.He in fact wrote his first book about it, titled First Kill your family: Child Soldiers of Uganda and the Lord's Resistance Army. From y understanding, Chastened first covered this story to see what was in deed happening right in the land where Maggie traveled. This indeed should build upon hi ethos. Coolant is another great source and Nest's works goes above and the beyond the violence in Africa. Michael Nest shares some of the dark and disturbing facts and figures of the minerals that are mined daily, there are an estimated 750,000 to 2,000,000 artisan miners in the DRY peg. 7. In 2000, eastern DRY became enveloped in coolant fever, akin to the gold rushes of the 19th century in the United States. Conflict is not new to Congo' (Nest peg. 6). Between the amount of workers that are exploited for these minerals and the rush for the mineral brought by major corporations, show indeed why these minerals are considered conflict material. â€Å"Few share Island's confidence in the government. Some suggest that if the government wants peace in eastern Congo, it needs to involve mining communities in the structure of the government.The government needs to become more inclusive, not exclusive. Most communities are isolated and therefore vulnerable, forcing them to turn to armed ethnic groups for protection and for a sense of community and control. (Nest) Young Soldiers. â€Å"l entered in war very early, when I was 12 or less I came to Missionaries for schooling and I became involved in war. I never wanted to use gun and I never wanted to fight in my country. [†¦ ]We had to defend and fight, proves that this is indeed happening to kids, on not Just Africa but a global level.The point of this book shares the untold stories of children, straight from the children themselves. Child issues in Africa are defined in many ways as shown by my sources as well as the conflict minerals. For most of my sources, their reason for their existence is based n the universal, Western definition and belief that children, especially under the age of 18, should not be involved with the actions of war. However ,Young Soldiers, Why they Choose to Fi ght wants to define these children as indicating they have a choice in whether they pursue this lifestyle or not, a unique perspective.There following 53 natives of boys and girls The United States of America has constructed laws in attempts to define Child Soldiering and how they would react to it, thus indicating that they do in fact believe these acts are happening. According to this New York Times Article written in 010 about child soldiers in the Congo, the U. S reported the following; â€Å"The Congo was exempted because United States-backed programs were helping its military become more professional and fight rights abuses. † â€Å"Recruiting young children for militia purposes and other doings?Yes, this type of enslavement exists. I have noticed it a lot in (through my research) of the Eastern Countries, in China, India, and especially in the area of Congo, Uganda, Sudan, and Central Republic of Africa†. (Maggie). These are the words from my fellow traveler Mag gie, who sums up in agreement what most of my other sources tell me within their own words. Her experience there leaves no doubt in my mind these actual crimes of humanity, as it would be viewed in the United States, are indeed happening overseas. About half of the victims and casualties of war are people under the age of 18 and nearly 250,000 boys and girls worldwide are actively involved in fighting as soldiers. † (War and Children). This staggering statistic sums up at once the fact that this type of injustice to children, 18 and younger, is happening. Nearly half, half of all the soldiers are merely children, who die as a result of this violence. Here is the law of the United States Child Prevention Act of 2008 which clearly fines child soldiers as illegal to practice.SUBJECT: Presidential Determination with Respect to Section 404(c) of the Child Soldiers Prevention Act of 2008 By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, pursuant to section 404(c) of the Child Soldiers Prevention Act of 2008 (CAPS), title IV of the William Wildflower Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorizing Act of 2008 (Public Law 110 457), I hereby determine that it is in the national interest of the United States to waive the application to Chad, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Sudan, and Yemen of the repetition in section 404(a) of the CAPS.If you read closely, this law makes child soldiers legal in the above listed areas, but only for a limited amount of time, a window that has far exceeded its curfew here in 2012. The United States is now firmly against the idea of Child Soldiers, all who are The consequence of this are mentioned later. Section II: Causes and Consequences: The amount of varied expressions and claims in this section make it the most interesting in my opinion.The general agreed upon assumption between all my sources is that the event of child soldiers and conflict minerals do exist in the C ongo ND throughout Africa and has caused some serious violence across the country. But there are other sources within that speak with their actions and show what many might think as a consequence as actually a great side effect. For my friend Maggie when asked about the cause of these young fighters, she quickly replied with intensity to her voice. It occurs in Uganda because the rebel army â€Å"Lord's Resistance Army or LIRA† take children because e they are easy targets and are part of their strategy because children are the only age group that will give the LIRA an advantage because their adversaries will reconsider shooting a child. It comes down to free labor,† she breathes â€Å"and they don't have to honor any rights in†. This is Magpie's view of the impending causes and consequences of the child soldiers within Africa. In this claim, she points to a group of rebels already within Africa, not at the United States. Is this because of lack of knowledge of o ur involvement or an oversight?This is Just one viewpoint. As mentioned before she doesn't really share the same ethos on conflict minerals as my other sources do. Chastened takes a much broader approach to the claim of conflict minerals, ultimately suggesting that the cause of this inflict, besides from the minerals, includes mostly the need for these items and the corporations who pay for them. In Consuming the Congo, he states the following. â€Å"Are the producers and consumers of electronics really at fault in eastern Congo? If corporate blame is to be dispensed, it needs to be directed to all. (Chastened, Epilogue 214).This includes the thought the we, westerners of society, are contributing to the deadly ear that has waged on for years there by the simple use of our cell phones and other daily items. Right from the beginning of his novel, Chastened calls out his audience with this call to action; â€Å"Every time you use a cell phone or log on to a computer, you could be co ntributing to the death toll in the bloodiest, most violent region in the world; the eastern Congo. † In the eyes of Nest, his view of the cause and consequences both mirror the thoughts of Chastened but still hold his own opinion. Coolant attracts so many armed groups. If there were no 136). By Ezekiel, a representative of the Lubber region, a gold mining community, met by Nest on his travels. The major assumption in this quote identifies the users of these items to be the reasons of conflict in Africa. The consequence is obviously death of millions of natives and mass damage to the land of Africa. Michael Nest's Book also states the following; â€Å"Coolant came to the attention of the general media in 2001 when reports began filtering in of warlords in the Congo earning enormous profits from a rare mineral and a frenzied coolant rush of miners into the Jungle to exploit deposits. Caused by Palpitation 2)peg. 12 Coolant and Conflict page 66-â€Å"A common them in all phase s of conflicts is the devastating impact of violence on civilians, especially in rural communities. Armed groups have engaged in widespread sexual violence, kidnapped men, women, and children, stolen livestock and possessions, burned houses, and made working in agriculture fields extremely dangerous. † Peg. 67 As mentioned before, Michael believes there are many cause of the violence of Congo, not Just Coolant. This includes politics, minerals from other countries and the greed of other major corporations within.These factors influence the rushes that have placed these natives to work in mines in order to survive. Young Soldiers Why the Choose to fight brings a new claim to the table on why these child soldiers are indeed soldiers. According to a research project conducted by the ILL, about two thirds of child soldiers interviewed in Burundi, Congo-Brazzaville, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and others concluded that they took the initiative of enrolling themselves When I first saw this I was shocked, these is no way this is true.But further research and analysis done by Brett and Speech and the stories they collected show another side of why these children decide to engage in acts we ourselves in the western world would not even think of. Then again, survival between African kids and American kids has a somewhat different meaning to it. And that's exactly what some of the causes for this unnatural (or natural behavior) are. Some of these kids that Join are for their own safety, they have nowhere else to go. There are economic downsides for the reintegration of child soldiers back into society.Sometimes it seems in the best interest in the child to return him to his family but sometimes they are too far gone or families can't afford to keep them. All my sources seem to agree that there is indeed a consequence of these actions that go with the children and conflict minerals, consequences that are not good, and lead into my next point of tension. Ba d consequences include the above. Outside of the children, damage to tribes, any family ties, trust between generations, instills corruption, fight to stay alive, family members turn on family members. (War and Children) Section Ill: Value and Evaluation: Most of my sources would agree the evaluation of the situation is a bad, but maybe not as bad as everyone thinks. This is seen in Michael Nest's book. â€Å"Violence in the DRY is not the result of Just one issue. â€Å"(Coolant, peg. 103). This is in terms of Coolant, only one mineral in Africa that provides the world supply of only Just 5 percent. When o look at the numbers and statistics of Michaels I must agree that it seems to be and providing hard times for children who are there mining instead of attending school Other examples of Coolant page 100-105 with this statement. A common theme in all phases of conflicts is the devastating impact of violence on civilians, especially in rural communities Naturally, the narrowed vie w of Coolant gives Nest a narrow mind set and not as broad as my other sources go such as Maggie with the thought of conflict When I asked my friend Maggie her evaluation this was her response. â€Å"My evaluation is that it is bad, I would dare to say it's terrible. Striping children of their innocence in any way is barbaric is horrible. And the things the Army makes them do is inconceivable.The issue of child soldiers in not a big deal maybe in our country, but in Africa, it's become a mainstream issue because anyone around that area has been affected. Whether it be people they know have been taken or have seen the violence, the natives over there have witnessed firsthand this injustice. † Maggie words speak to my soul and the hurt in her voice can only be the tip of what these children are feeling like when they are forced to do such horrible actions. She personal â€Å"l personally see no good consequences of this action because the damage done to the child is far greate r than any good could come out of it.Forcing children to kill parents, or beating, raping, torturing them into submission outweighs any â€Å"pros† that exist for the. † However this is seen in opposition by Joseph Kong, who is the ringleader in gathering up small children to fight in militia groups all around Africa. You could say he is the fire that both Maggie and other activist wish to extinguish and discontinue from burning. I personally have no words from Joseph himself, but his actions have certainly said plenty.It is quite evident he believes child soldiers are a good thing, a way of cheap labor and early brainwashing that allows his own methods of reasoning to be put in full use. His avoidance of capture suggest he knows what he is doing is wrong, but is perfectly k with continuing his lifestyle of crime, organizing militias to take unsuspecting children and ultimately develop them into a product that might never be able to be returned back to society. When the United States goes into evaluation of the conflict that is taken place in the Congo, it's obvious by the law that they don't believe in the practices that are in use there. † I prohibition in section 404(a) of the CAPS. † This is there Evaluation that it is no longer going to be tolerated by the United States if it in deed continues to happen, and that we will refuse to help their military should these illegal practices continue to be put into use A Story from War and Children. This quote is summarized by a kid who became part of the LIRA because his uncle turned his family so that his uncle would stay safe. He and two of his brothers were made into child soldiers and her sister had been raped repeatedly to the point where she now has five kids.His parents were killed in front of him by LIRA soldiers because they would not turn in their children to them. It's sad to think that your own family can be the cause of your situation as was the case with this child Consuming t he Congo- â€Å"Over five and a half million have died as a result of the violence that takes place there. Every time we use a mobile phone, use a video game console, or open a tin can, we hold the lives and deaths of the eastern. † This is the deep evaluation of Peter Chastened, which in Africa. † Peg. 5.It's an exaggeration that is meant to receive sympathy from the audience which in turns reveals that Peter does feel that the situation in the Congo is needlessly bad, and we have a chance to stop it. Young Soldiers- Why They Choose to Fight: The want for this particular source answers this proposal of this is bad. Children â€Å"volunteering† Just to have a meal it sickens me. But the stories within are not all as â€Å"bad†. There are children like Stephen from the United Kingdom and German, from the DRY who want to fight for their country. Is that a bad thing?Certainly not, I myself have a close friend who is joining the air force. The only difference is that he is 18, these kids are 12. It's this hype of cross roads that mix the evaluation as bad or good between my sources, heck even in between my own sources. Here in the United States it's against the law to Join the army so young, but we view defending our country as a good and honorable thing. Is it not Just as honorable if it's a child, according to most of my sources, and our western ideology in our modern world, the answer would be no. It sure gives something to think about through.. Section lb.Proposal Between all my sources, the current paid media attention and my own feelings toward these actions, it is quite evident that the call to action is to help these hillier and natives of the Congo. However, finding having the right call for action is like finding the right wireless network. Should one go unlimited, helping every known cause of war and conflict affecting these children, Juggling mass activist projects and let loose their opinions simply because they can, or shou ld one personalize their data plan, attacking the heart of problem of which they believe to have the most anguish and severity. And if so, what plan is right?To Maggie, the answer is clear. â€Å"Ending child slavery is a desirable action, for having it continue would be an injustice to these children and allow torture to continue. The emotion in Magpie's voice during this answer shows me she really cares about the inhumane actions that are happening here. She's seen firsthand the negative effects that continue to drive against these children. She also believes certain actions would lead to this desirable outcome. â€Å"On a small scale, apprehending Joseph Kong would go a long way. All the higher ups of the rebel army, all LIRA officials must be apprehended. Efforts by the U.S are in route but might be too late. I support people are trying to make this an issue. † Here Maggie reflects on the recent resurgence and the fight to bring this man, Joseph Kong, to Justice. â€Å" It's turned into genocide and we have ignored it for years for what, no icon value in Africa, focus on oil. Too fine he would be easy, he goes through talks and negations through other people but would flake out, for years the government has known where he is but has not gone after him. † When I questioned about the impending coverage of these children and Joseph Kong she replied with this; â€Å"It's finally getting more coverage, so it's on the radar.Mostly people Jumping on the bandwagon but it's out there All comes down to economics, the fact that we didn't alp reinforces the idea that they are not worth helping. † Here, Maggie claims that it is indeed important to bring down Joseph Kong and that we need to take charge in part of the United States is represented as well as I see a connection between Magpie's thoughts real events happening. The want to bring this guy to Justice is strong, flooding the airwaves of social media network to people all over the world.But its action from these people that will make a difference, not Just the click of a button in agreement with the above policy. The Proposal claim for Consuming the Congo was found in Chastened epilogue. The Congolese must create their own solutions to their problems. The key to solving the conflict minerals puzzle lies within the people of the eastern Congo and their government. Rather than engaging in aggressive public relations tactics, rights, campaigners, advocacy groups, and others might better become involved in eastern Congo in more meaningful ways.They have choices. † These choices don't Just include â€Å"Jumping on the bandwagon† as Maggie would say or even stopping using popular devices such as cell phones that use minerals mine by children and other natives who are doing forced labor. From his claim I have deemed that it is important that the Congo help themselves, and show a want to change of the conflict that arises from these terrible actions Michael Nest p roposal conclusion shares some actions from opposing author Peter Chastened. However, he has his own proposal and reasoning. What can and should a concerned person do to end the relationship between coolant and the war in the eastern Congo. He wants you to learn the facts, become educated. All decisions should be made if you are an informed person. † It might not be worth to participate in a mobile phone boycott. † (Coolant, 185) Nest offers a lot more participation from the government and politics to help bring a stop to the violence within the Congo. I whole heartedly agree with Nest's proposal because as more and more attention to this matter comes up, especially in conversations with my peers, I am noticing a lack of knowledge on the subject.If one wants to run and help, they must first learn to walk. Nest's also elaborates on the importance of the Congo needing to help themselves, placing some blame on the government. â€Å"Few share Island's confidence in the gove rnment. Some suggest that if the government wants peace in eastern Congo, it needs to involve mining immunities in the structure of the government. The government needs to become more inclusive, not exclusive. Most communities are isolated and therefore vulnerable, forcing them to turn to armed ethnic groups for protection and for a sense of community and control. (Nest) Based on this thought, it seems the government is not doing enough in Nest's opinion to take care of the growing problem. Having an inclusive community can change how they interact with one another and possible change their horrid lifestyles. The United States has proposed to stop Child Soldier with their Child Soldier Prevention act of 2008 as already discussed. With this law, aid of our Unites States military will not go those who allow people under the age of 18 to fight in wars.With this proposal put in effect, it has discouraged other countries from losing the aid we would give them, this is ultimately the acti on we want to take place in order to have the government of the Congo follow through and not allow Child Soldiers. My last proposal comes from Why They Choose to Fight. This book is unique as it begins to break down the stories of the children and ex-soldiers and asks them what they involvement from other to help build better education and employment opportunities so that kids now have more options then to have to fight for their freedom from rebel groups. Three of the most significant are education, employment, or other economic activity to reestablish relationships within families† (Young Soldiers) it seems they want people here to help and protect these three important factors in order to stop the flow of violence. The question of proposal that is being answered in the topic is: What can help the dire child issues within the Congo as well as its relation with conflict minerals. Nest and Chastened follow that of action, becoming educated and maybe Joining activist groups tha t know that follow the cause.The United States and Nelson feel it is important the Congolese Government step up and fight this issue. From the current media attention and Maggie thoughts, finding Kong 2012 is of the utmost importance. For authors Brett and Aspect, and Gary Craig argue to end child labor and cruelty by keeping children in school, employed, factors that don't influence to turn to this lifestyle. Each source brings good ideas to proposal, and factors them above and below everyone else's respectively. But the assumption of the need to help is there in all sources, and motivates its audience to do the same.Reflection, Synthesis, and Points of Entries for Papers 3 and 4 So this is it. This is the moment I have dreaded since I first became admitted into the University of Colorado Colorado Springs. This is the paper that will make or break me and allow all my weaknesses to be seen with hopes that the will either be improved, or point me down a much darker path that has no w riting in my future. I am scared for this paper 2. Not because of the number of pages or the deadline. It's the no BBS part. This paper is very real and is expected to be of superb material. How am l, a freshman, supposed to be able to produce this?To say I feel way in over my head is a huge understatement, I am not even sure where to begin. I know my focus on my paper should follow what we have covered in class and that has been the uprising of violence within the Congo. But what does that mean? Why do I care? How am I going to manage at least 15 pages of stasis theory to cover this in a way that puts me ahead of my scholars? That's my main concern, I really want to start proving I am a writer UT I feel so lost, to people here I'm Just another student, but I have dreams and I fear that this work will be for nothing.But anyway, let's focus more on this paper shall we. Children; kids, the future, young, innocent, free. These are the usual thoughts and synonyms that describe these lit tle people that could very well end the dire situation I have recently learned. We all have our own thoughts and when it comes to portraying children, now I think of them holding guns. Think of nine and ten year olds working to feed their families, being abducted from their village to Join militia armies

Buddhism vs. Christianity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Buddhism vs. Christianity - Essay Example The life of Buddha, the founder of Buddhism started as Siddhartha, the boy who was born in the abundance of life. His father denied him the opportunities of confronting with the real trials and tribulations of life. But Buddha happened to witness certain sights, later referred as the Four Sights of Buddha, which made him realize the realities of life and it ultimately paved the way for Buddhism. It was at the request of his son Siddhartha, the king allowed him to visit the beautiful park outside the palace. Though the father was precautious enough to wrap all the unpleasant sights from his son, some of them caught the sight of him. The sight of Old Age was the first one and it really haunted Siddhartha as it was his debut experience. The haggard state of an old man roused a number of questions in his mind and it provided him a hint about the hard realities of life. His realization that no one can prevent from being old has exerted significant influence in his later teachings. It is the second visit that enables him to encounter with the fearful state of sickness, like the sight of old age torments his mentally. Afterwards, the sights of death and renunciation, the third and fourth respectively, also have the same effect on Siddhartha. This leads him to realize that there are two ways to solve the problems of life—one is to lead a pleasant life by totally ignoring all the problems of life and the other way is realizing that all these sufferings are the part of life and try to overcome these problems. Siddhartha selected the second as it was far better than the first and preached by giving up his luxurious life in the palace. The birth of Jesus was just different from that of Buddha who took birth as a man 2000 years ago in the town of Bethlehem in the land of Israel. One of the notable similarities between the lives of Buddha and Jesus is that both lived a life of simplicity and showed others the real value of it. But a

Phase 2 Individual Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Phase 2 Individual Project - Essay Example ect team in line with their involvement in the different phases of the project management life cycle, as well as with their contributions to the different knowledge management areas of project management. With available staff, personnel are chosen to perform key roles in the project as end-user, business analyst and team leader. The paper concludes with emphasis on resource allocation for the different project phases. Rick Auto Enterprises (RAE), has a legacy billing system in place, which was installed over ten years ago, with upgrades according to the vendors schedule. Today, RAE is embarking on a major upgrade for the new web-based version of the system, which will function in addition to the mainframe legacy system update. The project will involve significant changes to current business processes and jobs. The web-version will allow customers as well as auto brokers to view and pay their bills on-line, and access a billing customer service agent when needed. It is expected that the implementation of the web version will reduce costs, improve customer satisfaction and reduce the number of days of accounts receivable. However, the changes will affect the billing, sales, and customer service departments. The requirement for the Project Manager is to determine the project sponsor, the steering committee structure and the participants for this project, which should be done during the initiation ph ase (Case Resource). Project management is a carefully planned and organized effort to accomplish a specific goals or objectives. It involves developing a project plan with goals and objectives defined, how these will be achieved, resources needed and timetables for completion. Project management also includes implementing the plan with controls to ensure that project goals are achieved (FML, 2008). Project management usually has major phases such as initiation, planning, execution, control, and closing. The requirement for the Project Manager for RAE’s major upgrade

History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 45

History - Essay Example Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels produced the Manifesto to announce their policy document; â€Å"society as a whole is more and more splitting up into two great hostile camps . . .† and committed to the aim of â€Å"the overthrow of the bourgeoisie, the rule of the proletariat, the ending of the old society . . .† (Marx and Engels 34). The concepts of capital, labor and excess profits were all remarkably new at that time and Marx thought the modern bourgeoisie had established new conditions of oppression. His theory therefore advocated for the workers to own the means of production so that they will reap and benefit from the profits it produced. It is not very surprising that he had anticipated a future that is post-capitalist in which the workers live in Utopian society; where everybody is equal without artificial divisions in the way rich and poor people lead their lives. â€Å"The feudal relations of property . . . had been replaced by free competition† of the industrial society such that there is an absurdity – an epidemic of over-production.† He further stated all history is the history of class struggles (between the Bourgeoisie and the Proletariat) but he predicted that in the end, the proletarians (modern working class) will win, it is â€Å"as equally inevitable.† (ibid.). The Eisenhower administration covered two presidential terms (1953-1961) and was a period marked by relative global peace (except the Korean War) and also by a continuous expansion of the United States economy. In other words, it was a period of prosperity in that most Americans had secure high-paying jobs and were able to attain the â€Å"American Dream† of reaching the middle class in terms of owning their homes and having cars in the garages. This period has also seen the rise of the so-called military-industrial complex in which Big Business and the military establishment had joined forces to ask for big-budget ticket items in arsenals. President Eisenhower

Family in Europe History Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Family in Europe History - Coursework Example legends as women seemed to have enjoyed a certain degree of freedom in deciding their own futures, in owning property and in bringing honor and wealth to the family through marriage and children. This gave her stronger power within her own household as well, including the power to divorce if she so desired. Part of the woman’s value probably stemmed from the great amount of sexual promiscuity that took place during these times. Although it could never be entirely certain that the children of a son were direct blood descendents of a particular line, it was a certainty that children born of a daughter were. The confusion caused by this acceptance of sexual infidelity made for tense households as the children and mothers tended to fight against each other for inheritance rights. To protect the children from their half-siblings and other lovers of their parents, it became common practice to send the children away to be raised by foster parents. It is also probable that lower class es, lived entirely different lives. Women in the lower classes could be sold into slavery, either for sexual favors or for household services, while men in the lower classes were most often pressed into service for wealthier men as shepherds, farmers or in other vocations. However, it also seems clear that education, including literacy, was practiced in most homes and was made available to girls as well as boys. The Germanic Sippe was a form of kinship group that seems to have been very similar to the Irish sept. While the Irish sept was clearly a blending of patrilineal and matrilineal lines, it is more difficult to trace these relations within the Germanic texts. However, there is evidence that the Sippe followed at least the bloodlines of the male. Also unlike the Irish, there seems to have been a closer connection between the Sippe and the land that they settled on. Although family groups seem to have settled the land, they are also like the Irish sept in that they probably

Different Perspectives On Change Within Organisations Case Study

Different Perspectives On Change Within Organisations - Case Study Example The forms of change as part of the organizational activity are not standardized; they are likely to be differentiated under the influence of the internal and external organizational environment and the business goals and vision. The different perspectives on change within organizations are critically discussed in this paper. Emphasis is given on the reasons of this phenomenon but also on the role of the members of the organization in the potential expansion of the problem. It is concluded that change, as an element of the organizational environment is unavoidable; in fact, in many cases, organizational change is quite necessary in order to enhance organizational performance. However, the development of extensive disputes in regard to the change management practices used within organizations could result in severe organizational crisis. 2. Change in modern organizations 2.1 Description of organizational change In the context of organizational environment, the term change is used in or der to describe a wide range of issues (activities and ideas); in certain cases, the above term is combined with other terms in order to make its role clear; an indicative example is term ‘consistency of change’ (Bradford et al. ...2005, p.196). Another important characteristic of organizational change is that it is likely to be promoted within each organization using different techniques; an indicative example is the ‘unfreeze-change-refreeze model’ (Holbeche 2006, p.234) which is based on the principle that in order for a plan of change to be successfully implemented within a particular organization it would be necessary to delete primarily the mechanisms which prevent the development of change within the organization, then the change can be implemented and the deleted mechanisms could be re-established – or, alternatively, new ones could be established taking into consideration the changes in the organizational operations because of the implementa tion of the relevant plan of change. At this point, reference could be made to the study of Weick and Quinn (1999) who referred to ‘the episodic change – the change which occurs at specific points of time – and the continuous change – a process which is likely to take place continuously’ (Anderson 2009, 62) – or at least, at such frequency that there can be no issue of episodic change. In terms of the time of its implementation, a plan of change needs to be carefully reviewed; this issue is highlighted in the study of Holbeche (2006) where it is noted that if changes are not introduced on time within a particular organization, i.e. immediately when relevant organizational needs are identified, then this delay would result to the need for major changes in the future (Holbeche 2006, 5); in other words, organizational changes cannot be avoided; they can be only delayed.

Film Les Miserables and Masculinity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Film Les Miserables and Masculinity - Essay Example Therefore, this paper is not a film review, but a technical research paper. It is however, not a full thesis or complete research study, but general thoughts on masculinity with a general aim of understanding it better. The paper uses scholarly ideas or theories and relates these to the selected movie in order to draw new insights on masculinity. The chosen theme or recurring working idea for this paper is the understanding and appreciation of masculinity. This effort to understand is made through an analysis of previous ideas on masculinity drawn from papers or researches of scholars on the issue of gender and masculinity. Meanwhile, appreciation is derived through a chosen visual presentation or a film from which a more graphic representation of ideas on masculinity can be derived. The film chosen for this paper, the movie Les Miserables is a Golden Globe Award winner for Best Picture in Hollywood this December 2012. The significance of this paper can easily be seen from the important social developments starting the late twentieth century, more particularly the 1960s and 1970s. During these years, feminism and the gay movements started to change the outlook of societies towards gender and sexuality (Peoples 9). Since then, traditional beliefs and biases on masculinity and femininity started to erode. This very well shows that gender is not a static, but rather a dynamic reality. This dynamism behind gender has been especially portrayed, if not exploited by the powerful media of communications today. In turn, mass media have served to hasten the dynamism of change in human sexuality and gender. Thus during our own times, dramatic social and cultural changes have introduced the rather unexpected recognition of gay rights in the U.S. military, legalization of gay marriages in some countries, surgical male-to-female sex changes in modern medicine, and other social and cultural alterations or reform s. The need to understand issues on masculinity is therefore important, as the dynamism of gender and manhood continues to escalate until our day. And as shall be shown later, the issues relating to masculinity may have created a global impact in which even the security and sustainability of democratic states and the world may be at stake. This shall be discussed later, but for more clarity, the following questions are proposed as the main problems in this paper: 1. What is the appropriate understanding of masculinity? 2. What are the major concepts of masculinity that relate to its dynamic nature? 3. How does the movie Les Miserables portray the major concepts of masculinity? 4. What lessons can be drawn from the above conceptual and visual analysis of masculinity? Studies on gender and manhood To understand masculinity, there is a need to analyze ideas or theories introduced by scholars or researchers on this issue. This is an appropriate approach since our modern societies are to day knowledge-based societies. Scientific studies have become the lever to awaken awareness, impart understanding, and formulate theories on social issues. This paper has therefore sought concepts expounded by scientific theorists on gender and manhood. From these theories, an appropriate understanding of masculinity can be derived. In this regard, the study made by Christopher T. Kilmartin deserves consideration. In his book The Masculine Self, Kilmartin clarifies the concept of masculinity by differentiating between sex and gender (14). For him, sex is a biological frame of reference to the male or female as this relates to genes, hormones, genetalia, and other physical aspects of the human body. On the other hand, gender is a broader frame of reference

The Elements of Classical and Alternative Cinema in The Big Sleep Essay

The Elements of Classical and Alternative Cinema in The Big Sleep - Essay Example The difference between art cinema and classical cinema is clearly delineated. Art cinema is the most acknowledged area within film studies due to the recognition it receives from celebrated filmmakers, specific films or cinema types, as well as from select writers and the target audience. Art cinema is commonly located within the auteur category of films, with examples including L’Avventura (1960). In contradistinction to art cinema, David Bordwell and other filmmakers coined the term ‘classical cinema. Their focus tends to be on the metteurs-en-scene category of art or film. As such, classical cinema has been broadly disseminated because of the dominance of these film types, and most filmmakers choose to make films in this style. Art cinema is presented in small film theatres, compared to classical cinema, which is conducted in large multiplexes. Art cinema screen new films with repertory functions, drawing their audiences from a highly educated urban demographic. This differs from classical cinema, which is indicative of popular culture and attracts a less educated, rural demographic (Kolker 1980). 3. Who are the movie brats and what do they have to do with auteurism? Movie brats include directorial luminaries such as Michelangelo Antonioni (b. 1912), Federico Fellini (1920–1993), Jean-Luc Godard (b. 1930) and Ingmar Bergman (b. 1918). Their respective films L’Avventura, 8? (1963), About de souffle (Breathless, 1960) and Det sjunde inseglet (The seventh seal, 1957) played a critical role regarding the impact that auteurism has had film production. It is evident that a new generation of movie brats exercised greater controls in the creative process and production of their films (Grist 2000). The recent works of the movie brats have challenged the romantic and individualistic ideologies portrayed in earlier works that conform to aspects of auteurism. As pointed out by David Cook (1996), auteurism was exploited along with the rise of c ollege-level film to entice patronage. Further, Timothy Corrigan (1994) also notes that the appearance of the United States (US) studio system made the deployment of auteurism a potential outcome in the marketing of movies within a system other than that using studio signatures. The movie brats also tended to focus on the role of auteurism in enhancing the economies of distribution. Therefore, the article focuses on the place of auteurism and its struggle against the organization of film production in the first few years. They have thus deployed auteurism to assert the prerogative of the professional-managerial class against, not only the studios but also the film unions.  

Genetics of Organisms Essay Example for Free

Genetics of Organisms Essay Link for flylab: You will be using a sample subscription, so once you sign up you will only have access for 24 hours. It is important to do all the pre-work before logging in to get your experimental numbers. Click on the fly lab button. After reading through the lab and understanding what you will be doing, click on start lab. Introduction FlyLab will allow you to play the role of a research geneticist. You will use FlyLab to study important introductory principles of genetics by developing hypotheses and designing and conducting matings between fruit flies with different mutations that you have selected. Once you have examined the results of a simulated cross, you can perform a statistical test of your data by chi-square analysis and apply these statistics to accept or reject your hypothesis for the predicted phenotypic ratio of offspring for each cross. With FlyLab, it is possible to study multiple generations of offspring, and perform testcrosses and backcrosses. FlyLab is a very versatile program; it can be used to learn elementary genetic principles such as dominance, recessiveness, and Mendelian ratios, or more complex concepts such as sex-linkage, epistasis, recombination, and genetic mapping. Objectives The purpose of this laboratory is to: Simulate basic principles of genetic inheritance based on Mendelian genetics by designing and performing crosses between fruit flies. Help you understand the relationship between an organisms genotype and its phenotype. ï‚ · Demonstrate the importance of statistical analysis to accept or reject a hypothesis. Use genetic crosses and recombination data to identify the location of genes on a chromosome by genetic mapping. Before You Begin: Prerequisites Before beginning FlyLab you should be familiar with the following concepts: Chromosome structure and the stages of gamete formation by meiosis. Basic terminology and principles of Mendelian genetics, including complete and incomplete dominance, epistasis, lethal mutations, recombination, autosomal recessive inheritance, autosomal dominant inheritance, and sex-linked inheritance. Predicting the results of monohybrid and dihybrid crosses by constructing a Punnett square. How genetic mutations produce changes in phenotype, and beneficial and detrimental results of mutations in a population. Assignments To begin an experiment, you must first design the phenotypes for the flies that will be mated. In addition to wild-type flies, 29 different mutations of the common fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, are included in FlyLab. The 29 mutations are actual known mutations in Drosophila. These mutations create phenotypic changes in bristle shape, body color, antennae shape, eye color, eye shape, wing size, wing shape, wing vein structure, and wing angle. For the purposes of the simulation, genetic inheritance in FlyLab follows Mendelian principles of complete dominance. Examples of incomplete dominance are not demonstrated with this simulation. A table of the mutant phenotypes available in FlyLab can be viewed by clicking on the Genetic Abbreviations tab which appears at the top of the FlyLab homepage. When you select a particular phenotype, you are not provided with any information about the dominance or recessiveness of each mutation. FlyLab will select a fly that is homozygous for the particular mutation that you choose, unless a mutation is lethal in the homozygous condition in which case the fly chosen will be heterozygous. Two of your challenges will be to determine the zygosity of each fly in your cross and to determine the effects of each allele by analyzing the offspring from your crosses.

Product lifecycle management in aviation maintenance

Product lifecycle management in aviation maintenance A study on the article entitled Product Lifecycle Management in Aviation Maintenance, Repair and Overhaul. This paper analyses the journal based on inputs which is covered in the course Product Design and Development. Further, it explains briefly about Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) and the different phases of PLM over new product development process and also the benefits of PLM over Aviation Maintenance, Repair and Overhaul (MRO) industry. Product Data Management (PDM) application in PLM are also discussed in this paper. Summary of the article The journal has three phases of discussion, first phase is introduction, second phase is the about the activity of PLM and the final phase is about PLM benefits in aviation MRO industry. Phase 1: The competition among the world in new product development leads to data sharing among the enterprise and end users i.e. from ideas, design, manufacturing, customer/installation, service etc. to overcome this PLM is proposed to have proper integration of customer, process, management and data to have control throughout the life cycle period of the product. Nowadays most of the industries have adopted PLM in their design process to the maximum extent when compared to the other process in their product life time. Similarly in Aviation MRO industry, PLM has not yet adapted to the extreme end compare to the design process in the aviation industry. The PLM in aviation MRO industry can be more worthy as the total life period for an aircraft is approximately more over than 30 years. Phase 2: PLM has been divided in to two management phases as shown in figure 1. One is related to enterprise and other is related to product data (virtual enterprise). This article focus on the second phase which integrates computer aided design and manufacturing through PDM. Product Data Management (PDM) system is the division of PLM, which communicate and gather the data from the initial process of concept development to the end life of the product. PDM system organizes the computer aided design tools. PDM archives the customer feedback, engineering data and management data to incorporate the information between the enterprise, customer, service industry and other end user of the product throughout its life time. Second phase of PLM is further divided into four phases. First phase is concept development in which the ideas from customer are organized and designed. Second phase is design. This concentrates on describing, defining, developing the product design based on first phase and finally analyzing and simulation is carried out in design phase. The third phase is manufacturing and marketing where the production, sales and installation process are carried on to produce a new product. The final phase is servicing where maintain and support, removal or disposal i.e. customer support by means of MRO. Figure 1: Different Phases of PLM In general PLM reduce marketing time, improve the product quality in new product as well as in service, centralized product record, cost and waste reduction. Many industries have applied PLM as an initiative and are mostly used in design process. According to a survey detailed in the article, it shows that the usage of PLM and PDM in MRO are very inadequate when compared with design. Phase 3: The adoption of PLM is in very high percentage in automotive and aircraft industry due do life period and the impossibility in prototype; but in aviation service industry the percentage of PLM application implemented is deficient. PLM reduce the normal design and assemble period of aircraft in many aircraft industry. This result in higher percentage of reduction in manufacturing process, but the percentage of reduction in life cycle period is very less. In aviation industry the profit amount of the aircraft is calculated only based on the total life period. It can be obtained only by proper maintenance and repair. From the article it pronounces that over 17000 commercial aircrafts are active at present. The analysis of budget in aviation MRO industry from the year 2005 to 2010 shows a massive increase. This increase in expense is due to inventories in the aviation MRO industry. The profitability of the aviation industry depends on the life span of the aircraft. To have maximum profit in aircraft industry, they need safe operation, adequate maintenance for the parts. PLM in MRO will minimize the time of maintenance, cost and also increase the total life period of the aircraft. Maintenance is the process to achieve reliability, safety and overall performance of the product. There are two types: one scheduled maintenance in which the repair process is scheduled according to the time intervals and second one is unscheduled maintenance and it implies when there is sudden breakdown. Earlier the scheduled and unscheduled maintenance are known as preventive maintenance. In addition to this, maintenance is further classified into On or OFF aircraft maintenance. On maintenance represents repaired within the craft without cancelling the transit. Off maintenance represents the change of parts i.e. overhaul of parts. Here, the temporary part is replaced till the repair process is carried out in the part. The aim of PLM in aviation MRO industry is to have adequate reliability, safety, proper data from OEM for overhaul and this will result in cost reduction. To acquire product reliability and safety in aircraft, both the maintenance processes are to be carried. For proper maintenance the major thing in consideration is product and part manual from Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM). In order to minimize the difficulty of MRO the OEM has to provide the sufficient datas like methods of detailed data of the part, maintenance process, fault identification method, tools required to overhaul and also 3D modeling drawing view of the part. These are accomplished by the PDM which make use computer for safe data transfer from OEM to MRO and also by feedback from customer to OEM and MRO industry. Case studies on different methods of how maintenance, repair and overhaul are carried out in different aviation MRO industry located in Singapore. They described the percentage of inaccuracy in their method of repair. They point out the repair work flow procedure and the different methods of process they carried on for the repair of aviation part. The reason for this inadequate quality of repair is analyzed below in this paper. Journal relation with Product Design and Development The journal related to one of the main area Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) which was covered under the lecture PLM and Product Planning. In addition to PLM Product Data Management (PDM) are also discussed in this article which is a part of PLM. The information from the lecture about the tools PLM and PDM, gave the input how to develop a new product with an efficient lifecycle time i.e. from the process of concept creation to end life of the product or till recycling of the product and also effective data management system. These concepts are related to the service industry which is at the end phase of lifecycle of a product. This helps to identify the benefits and characteristic of PLM in aviation MRO industry. Journal Analysis The impact of Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) in aviation maintenance repair and overhaul (MRO) industry is analyzed in this article. They address the PLM benefits and necessity in MRO industry for effective and accurate quality in repair process. They also analyze the different maintenance process carried on in the aviation industry. Figure 2: Current Scenario Of Data Flow Without Adoption PLM in aviaton MRO industry. In this article they analyzed how they repaired the high pressure blade and outer cover panel. Also it describes the demerits in their method without PLM. It shows the data flow from the OEM to MRO industry is inadequate as shown in the figure 2. Thus it leads to improper Maintenance, repair and overhaul of the part in aircraft. Product Data Management (PDM) system should be applied with PLM for proper flow of information between the OEM to customer, customer to MRO and also MRO to OEM and vice versa. Such feedback from customer end will improve the process in MRO in addition to design of aircraft. Thus the figure 3 represents the flow of data between various processes in aviation industry. It shows the characteristic and benefits on adoption of PLM in service industry. In addition to service process PLM has to be implemented in management activities like Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) and supply chain management (SCM) in aviation industry to increase the total lifecycle time of the new product. Figure 3: Implementaion of PLM with Product Data Management (PDM) in aviaton Industry. The case study done on the aviation MRO industry in Singapore represents the work flow of the repair process carried out on different parts of aircraft. In this, the original part definition data was measured and calculated by coordinate measurement system with the help of a reverse engineer. The measured data was not too accurate when compared to OEM data. This improper method is mainly because of insufficient product data information. This method will lead to poor reliability and safety, life period of the product is thus reduced and also overall life span of the aircraft deteriorates. Further, it leads to poor customer satisfaction and very less profitability to the aviation industry. The influencing factors that affect the MRO industry are insufficient data sharing between the OEM and MRO. To rectify the problem in aviation MRO industry, it is required to adopt PLM system incorporated with PDM. The author suggests adopting the PLM process in MRO industry as the process implemented in design process shows remarkable result in that sector. In addition to design and service, PLM can also be implemented on various processes in the aviation industry which will clearly show a valuable increase in the reliability and safety of the aircraft. It also increases the overall profitability of the product. In addition to this, PLM provides consistent and precise feedback between the OEM, MRO and customers and also between the partners in the enterprise resulting in optimization of the inventory and further improves the efficiency of maintenance by reducing the non-value added tasks. Conclusion PLM activities in the aviation industry have to be analyzed more precisely and research must be carried in various process of aircraft and MRO industry to increase the industries profit and service. In addition to PDM, Collaborative Product Development (CFD), Concurrent Engineering (CE) tools can also be used in future to increase the total life span of the aircraft and MRO industry.

Why Parents Should Home School Essay example -- Essays Papers

Why Parents Should Home School When Americans think of education, they almost automatically think of public education. However, education in our public schools has been on a down slope for over twenty years now. This is because many parents today are deciding to home school their children. Although most people think that a public education is better, statistics and facts tend to show that home schooling is beneficial in more ways. Since the beginning of civilization, children have been learning in and with their families. Children learned how to survive and make a living through life with their families and in the community. Parent’s taught their children everything they needed to know or established them in private school or apprenticeships. Until about 150 years ago, this was considered the norm of society (Lahrson-Fisher 49). The term â€Å"home schooling† began to flourish in the 1970’s when it found a place in the dictionary. For many people, this was the only option because public schools were too far away to attend. There is over a fifteen percent rise in home schooled students each year. A majority of home schooled students are white middle-class families, but minorities are finding that this option is also better for their children (School Choice). It is estimated that there are currently two million children home schooled in the United States (School Choice). The number of children being home schooled increased from 32,804 in 2000 to 53,216 in 2003 (Brown 1). There are three basic reasons parents keeps their children out of public schools. First, they think that raising their children is their business and not the governments. Second, they enjoy being with their children and watching and helpin... ... admissions policies for children that are taught at home (School Choice). What was once looked down upon has become a popular alternative to public schooling. There various reasons why children should be home schooled. Children will have time for sporting activities, musical groups, church and youth organizations, field trips, volunteer opportunities, arts and crafts workshops, neighborhood activities and more. Home schooling provides time for family support of critical areas of social development: love, self-discipline, security, independence, and responsible use of freedoms (Lahrson-Fisher 24). Current statistics and facts show that home schooling is highly beneficial. Parents simply want is the best for their child. Through home schooling, this want can be met. In closing, home schooling offers numerous advantages and opportunities over public schools.

medea :: essays research papers

The tragic play Medea is a struggle between reason and violence. Medea is deliberately portrayed as not a ‘normal woman’, but excessive in her passions. Medea is a torment to herself and to others; that is why Euripides shows her blazing her way through life leaving wreckage behind her. Euripides has presented Medea as a figure previously thought of exclusively as a male- hero. Her balance of character is a combination of the outstanding qualities of Achilles and Odysseus. The problem set at the beginning of the play is that Jason has decided to marry another wife, Glauce. Medea is angered and will not let Jason off without punishment. The loss of Jason is not only a matter of passion; Medea has been completely humiliated by Jason's decision to take a new bride. Her pride shows again when she refuses Jason's aid. Though her situation is difficult, she would rather destroy all than accept help from one who has wronged her so horribly. Living as a barbarian among Greeks has made her more defensive, more full of hurt pride. To punish Jason, Medea had her children deliver poisoned gifts to the new bride, to kill her children, Glauce, and Creon. . Medea is not without feeling, nor is she a sociopath. She comprehends the difference between right and wrong, but chooses to follow the dictates of rage. Medeas character can be portrayed as a combination of the outstanding qualities of Achilles and Odysseus. Medea was a sorceress and held political power, Achilles was the Greek armies’ best warrior and was well respected, and Odysseus was the king of Ithaca and had much respect. However each of these characters possessed weaknesses which eventually lead to their downfalls. Like Achilles and Odysseus, the gods for her betrayal punished Medea. Achilles and Medea were both tough and seemingly invulnerable characters yet both were wounded deeply by the actions of others. Achilles suffered a fatal shot to the back of his heel with an arrow that had been laced with the blood of the hydra while Medea’s heart was broken when Jason left her for another woman. Like Odysseus, Medea was separated from her family and loved ones because of actions she took against both her family and gods. medea :: essays research papers The tragic play Medea is a struggle between reason and violence. Medea is deliberately portrayed as not a ‘normal woman’, but excessive in her passions. Medea is a torment to herself and to others; that is why Euripides shows her blazing her way through life leaving wreckage behind her. Euripides has presented Medea as a figure previously thought of exclusively as a male- hero. Her balance of character is a combination of the outstanding qualities of Achilles and Odysseus. The problem set at the beginning of the play is that Jason has decided to marry another wife, Glauce. Medea is angered and will not let Jason off without punishment. The loss of Jason is not only a matter of passion; Medea has been completely humiliated by Jason's decision to take a new bride. Her pride shows again when she refuses Jason's aid. Though her situation is difficult, she would rather destroy all than accept help from one who has wronged her so horribly. Living as a barbarian among Greeks has made her more defensive, more full of hurt pride. To punish Jason, Medea had her children deliver poisoned gifts to the new bride, to kill her children, Glauce, and Creon. . Medea is not without feeling, nor is she a sociopath. She comprehends the difference between right and wrong, but chooses to follow the dictates of rage. Medeas character can be portrayed as a combination of the outstanding qualities of Achilles and Odysseus. Medea was a sorceress and held political power, Achilles was the Greek armies’ best warrior and was well respected, and Odysseus was the king of Ithaca and had much respect. However each of these characters possessed weaknesses which eventually lead to their downfalls. Like Achilles and Odysseus, the gods for her betrayal punished Medea. Achilles and Medea were both tough and seemingly invulnerable characters yet both were wounded deeply by the actions of others. Achilles suffered a fatal shot to the back of his heel with an arrow that had been laced with the blood of the hydra while Medea’s heart was broken when Jason left her for another woman. Like Odysseus, Medea was separated from her family and loved ones because of actions she took against both her family and gods.

Spensers Amoretti and the Patterns of Domination and Recognition :: Spenser Amoretti Essays

Spenser's Amoretti and the Patterns of Domination and Recognition Edward Spenser's sonnet sequence, Amoretti[1], traces a lover's difficult courtship of his lady. Though he is eventually successful and they wed, the lover and lady must compromise, each giving up some of their independence and power, before they are able to love each other freely. By using Jessica Benjamin's book, The Bonds of Love, one can see the struggle for dominance and independent identity between the lover and mistress slowly evolving and resolving into a relationship of mutual recognition. Benjamin's model of dominance and recognition identifies the lover and mistress's progress as moving through various stages of domination and submission to mutual recognition, with both selves dominating and submitting at different times before reaching a state of equality. Benjamin bases her model of domination and recognition on the intersubjective theory of psychoanalysis. Intersubjectivity "maintains that the individual grows in and through the relationship to other subjects. Most important this perspective observes that the other[2] whom the self meets is also a self, a subject in his or her own right. It assumes that we are able and need to recognize that other subject as different and yet alike, as an other who is capable of sharing similar mental experiences" (20). Edna also needs recognition because that affirms her selfhood. Otto's recognition of her actions lets Edna define herself more clearly through his response to her actions (21). When Otto doesn't recognize Edna, doesn't treat her as an equal, conflict arises. Edna becomes aggressive, trying to force recognition from Otto. He, when faced with aggression, can either choose to be alone, and therefore somehow destroy Edna, or choose to become attuned to her and surrender (28). Surrender doesn't mean submission here; it means Otto recognizes Edna as an equal. From this surrender, a relationship can proceed on equal footing, with occasional imbalances in power common to relationships. If Otto chooses to destroy Edna, however, domination occurs. A self that chooses domination over surrender is generally fighting for independence. It is afraid to relinquish any independence or control.

Of Mice And Men †Review Essay

The novel ‘Of Mice And Men’ is set in the early 1930’s, in the American state of California. America at this time was suffering from the effects of the depression, which followed the Wall Street Crash. This had caused many businesses to go bankrupt. Also, in this period of time America had great problems on the agricultural side of it’s economy. Large areas of farmland had been lashed by hurricane winds, and this had caused much of the topsoil to been blown away, leaving vast areas of land unable to grow any kind of crops. Logically this meant that less workers were needed to tend the land, so many were laid off, and as mentioned earlier many businesses had gone bankrupt following the Wall Street Crash, the combined effect of these two events led to vast numbers of people being left jobless. This gave rise to a new group of society ‘drifters’; people who would travel from place to place doing manual labour, or working in the fields. This worked to the advantage of the business owners who managed to survive the crisis, (many of these were in California, a rich state which had not been hit as badly by the depression) because it meant that there were lots of workers for few jobs. Employers could make working conditions awful, knowing that if anyone complained they could fire them and there would be five people eager to fill the place. We do not know if John Steinbeck’s story is based on true characters or not, but we do know that he gives a very accurate depiction of what life was like at the time, as he himself was a drifter for a period of time. One thing that becomes evident during the story is that most of the characters suffer from loneliness. One of the ways in which they coped with the loneliness was by holding onto a belief in the American dream, the dream that every man can better himself through his own efforts, and live a long and happy life. The first two characters that we meet are George and Lennie, two drifters. George comes across as the leader of the two; his job is to keep Lennie out of trouble. He shows great patience in dealing with Lennie whose mental age is the equivalent of a small child. During the book we do see George lose his temper with Lennie because it appears that he is always messing things up for George. For example when they are on their way to the new ranch Lennie produces a dead mouse from his pocket and George gets angry, â€Å"You crazy fool†, â€Å"You gonna give me that mouse or do I have to sock you?† and â€Å"Blubberin like a baby? Jesus Christ! A big guy like you.† George claims he only keeps Lennie around because he made a promise to his Aunt Clara that he would. Even if this is true she is now dead, and so George has no real reason to keep looking after Lennie, especially as Lennie seems to mess up everything that goes right for George. However, George still puts up with Lennie and this, it would seem, is mainly to avoid the loneliness that is caused by all the travelling. While Lennie may not be the sharpest knife in the drawer, he is still someone to converse with on long lonely walks. We learn from early on in the book that George and Lennie also share the American dream, they dream of one day having, â€Å"a little house and a couple of acres an a cow and some pigs†.This ambition highlights one big difference between George and Lennie’s grasp on reality, whilst George says he dreams of this, he must know deep down inside of him that they will never fulfil the dream. Lennie on the other hand is completely different he believes so deeply in the dream that at one point George actually threatens to not let Lennie tend the rabbits when they achieve their dream. The dream that these two share leads us to meet the next character that also suffers great loneliness. We first meet Candy when Lennie and George arrive at the ranch. He is the first person they meet. He is also the one who takes them to see the boss. Candy only has one arm and we find out later that he lost his arm in a machinery accident in the fields. However, the ranch still employs him and he was given compensation for his injury. Due to the loss of his arm he cannot work in the fields, instead he has to stay behind and sweep up. This causes him great loneliness because he has no one to talk to, his best friend is his dog, but tragically later in the story the other workers convince Candy to shoot him because he is old and useless. While the other workers can go into town at the end of the month, giving them the opportunity go out and have a good time, Candy cannot join them because he is too old to be out drinking until late in the night. His circumstances cause him to suffer from great loneliness, so it is not surprising that when he over hears Lennie and George talking about their dream, he tries to buy in to it. With the money that Candy got in compensation for his arm, it begins to look as though the dream may become a reality more quickly than George or Lennie imagined. The next character that we meet is Crooks the stable buck. He suffers from loneliness because he is black. This means he has to sleep in his own dorm and is not allowed to stay in the same dorm as the other workers. He is lonely purely because he is alone all the time and has no one to talk to. Crooks is also a cripple as a horse kicked him when he was working, leaving him with a crooked back, this prevents him from joining in many activities. He pretends, when Lennie goes into his dorm to be really angry, â€Å"I ain’t wanted in the bunk-house, and you ain’t wanted in my room.† But as time goes on he begins to warm to Lennie, â€Å"Come on in and set a while†, â€Å"Long as you wont get out and leave me alone you might as well sit down.† I think this is mainly because he was just glad to have someone to talk to, after being on his own for so long. Even after this though he could not resist getting revenge on the white folk, he teases Lennie asking him, â€Å"S’pose George don’t come back no more.† And he persists and begins to scare Lennie until finally Lennie gets so scared he decides to go and check if George was back yet. But Crooks quickly apologises at the thought of being left all alone again. A few minutes later Candy turns up and although Crooks acts as though he is resentful he still invites him in. The next character to appear at Crook’s door is Curley’s wife. She is the only woman on the ranch, and the guys refuse to talk to her because of Curley. He is very protective and jealous of her and will try and beat up anyone who he thinks might be making a move on her. When the guys in Crooks dorm seem to shut her out she begins to insult them, â€Å"Standin here talking to a bunch of bindle stiffs- a nigger an’ a dum-dum and a lousy ol’ sheep.† Showing a spiteful side to her character. She only married Curley to spite her mother in the first place. One night in a bar she met a man who claimed he could make her a great star actress. We are not told how the man took advantage of her. He said that he would send a letter to her, but she never received it and blamed her mother, accusing her of destroying the letter, then to spite her she ran off and married Curley. The story has a tragic ending, all the way through the story George had warned Lennie about getting to close to Curley’s wife. But this turned out to be the ‘downfall’ of their dream, which had seemed so much more likely since the addition of Candy to the plot. Lennie is in the barn when she appears and starts talking to him. They start sharing stories, and she asks him why he is so obsessed with rabbits. He tells her about his obsession with stroking nice things, and she allows him to stroke her hair. She starts to complain that he will, â€Å"muss it up†, but when she pulls away Lennie’s grip tightens and she begins to scream. He puts his hand over her mouth and begs her not to because George will get angry. Her body, ‘flopped like a fish’, Lennie had broken her neck. The first people to find the body were Candy and George. They new it had to be Lennie. It is at that point that the dream is thrown into real jeopardy. Candy recognising this, immediately tries to convince George that they can still achieve their hopes, â€Å"You an me can get that little place, can’t we, George? Can’t we?† But Candy already knew the answer. George knows that Lennie was such a big part of the dream, it could not continue without him, it would almost be disloyal. George knows that the other workers, especially Curley would not allow Lennie to live after this. George goes off to find the other workers. Candy is now alone with the body of Curley’s wife in the barn, he blames her for destroying the dreams of three men, himself, George and Lennie. He actually begins to shout at her, â€Å"You god damn tramp.† â€Å"s’pose you’re glad.† George follows the other workers into the barn. He acts as though it is the first time he has seen the body. The other workers assure him that they think he had nothing to do with it, and they set off in search of Lennie. The story ends with George and Carson, one of the ranch hands, standing over Lennie. George has the gun to the back off Lennie’s head. He and Lennie have been talking about the dream, before Lennie knows it George pulls the trigger and Lennie is dead. The last thing we see is George going to the highway with Carson, Curley and Slim. He and Slim walk away to get a drink, George knowing that it’s all over. The dreams that he and Candy have shared, and that have kept them going have been destroyed.

How to Do One Thing at a Time

Sample practice test prompts for the CATW Sample 1 Assignment:  Begin by reading the passage below. How Your Birth Order Influences Your Life Adjustment The child becomes known as the family’s only child, oldest child, middle child, or youngest child, depending on his birth order. He is thought and talked about as having that place in the family. Both in his mind and in the minds of other people, an important part of his identity is his family position. The other members of the family assume certain attitudes toward each child in terms of his birth order.Parents usually expect their oldest child to be more capable and more responsible than the younger children. The oldest child comes to think about himself in the same way. These ways of seeing himself, of thinking about himself because of his sibling role, become part of his self-concept. Similarly, the middle child may think of himself as able to do things better than other people because he is usually more capable than his younger siblings. Sometimes, though, he must turn to an older sibling or to his parents for help, and so he thinks of himself as being able to obtain help when he needs it.The youngest child may develop the self-concept that he is less able to do many things than other people. However, he is not concerned because there are always others around to take care of him. In contrast, the only child tends to think, â€Å"When my parents are not around, I have no one to turn to for help. So I’d better learn to take care of myself as much as possible. † The place in the family establishes for the child a specific role to be played within the family group. It influences him to develop certain attitudes toward himself and toward other people and helps him develop specific patterns of behavior. 290 words) Adapted from an essay by Lucille Forer, â€Å"How Your Birth Order Influences Your Life Adjustment†, in  Write to be Read, p. 7. Writing Directions Read the passage abov e and write an essay responding to the ideas it presents. In your essay, be sure to summarize the passage in your own words, stating the author’s most important ideas. Develop your essay by identifying one idea in the passage that you feel is especially significant, and explain its significance. Support your claims with evidence or examples drawn from what you have read, learned in school, and/or personally experienced.Remember to review your essay and make any changes or corrections that are needed to help your reader follow your thinking. You will have 90 minutes to complete your essay. Sample 2 Assignment:  Begin by reading the passage below. Modern Society and the Quest for Human Happiness Everywhere, by all means imaginable, people are striving to improve their lives. Yet strangely, my impression is that those living in the materially developed countries, for all their industry, are in some ways less satisfied, are less happy, and suffer more than those living in the l east developed countries.Indeed, if we compare the rich with the poor, it often seems that those with nothing are, in fact, the least anxious, though they are plagued with physical pains and suffering. As for the rich, while a few know how to use their wealth intelligently – that is to say, not in luxurious living but by sharing it with the needy – many do not. They are so caught up with the idea of acquiring still more that they make no room for anything else in their lives. In their absorption with material wealth, they actually lose the dream of happiness, which riches were to have provided.As a result, they are constantly tormented, torn between doubt about what may happen and the hope of getting more, and plagued with mental and emotional suffering – even though outwardly they may appear to be leading entirely successful and comfortable lives. This is suggested both by the high degree and by the disturbing prevalence among the populations of the materially developed countries of anxiety, discontent, frustration, and depression. Moreover, the inner suffering is clearly connected with growing confusion as to what constitutes morality and what its foundations are. 242 words) From an essay by the Dalai Lama, â€Å"Modern Society and the Quest for Human Happiness† in  Write to be Read, p. 170. Writing Directions Read the passage above and write an essay responding to the ideas it presents. In your essay, be sure to summarize the passage in your own words, stating the author’s most important ideas. Develop your essay by identifying one idea in the passage that you feel is especially significant, and explain its significance. Support your claims with evidence or examples drawn from what you have read, learned in school, and/or personally experienced.Remember to review your essay and make any changes or corrections that are needed to help your reader follow your thinking. You will have 90 minutes to complete your essay. Sample 3 Assignment:  Begin by reading the passage below. The Woman Who Died in the Waiting Room Esmin Green fell out of her chair in the waiting room of Brooklyn's largest psychiatric hospital nearly an hour before anyone realized she was in trouble. For 20 minutes, she writhed and twisted between two chairs under the watchful eye of a security camera whose footage would later be broadcast across the country, spurring a public outcry.Two security guards and two other staff members passed through the room and glanced at the 49-year-old woman, without bothering to check her vital signs or help her up. Nearly 40 minutes after she stopped moving, a nurse walked over and lightly kicked her. By then, she was already dead. The city's medical examiner cited blood clots in her legs as the official cause. As disturbing as the circumstances of  Esmin Green's death were, they should not have come as a surprise.Public hospitals across the country have struggled to provide acute psychiatric care t o the poor and uninsured since the early 1960s, when large mental hospitals began closing their doors en masse. Rather than lock them away in cold, uncaring institutions, the thinking went, the mentally ill should be offered a place in society. But with insufficient outpatient services and a dearth of community-based support, the least fortunate of them have ended up in already overtaxed emergency rooms. They are the poor, the uninsured and the undocumented.Many of them suffer from chronic conditions that could potentially be treated with medication and regular counseling, luxuries most of them cannot afford. With just 50,000 inpatient psychiatric beds for tens of millions of people across the country, the mentally ill typically wait twice as long for treatment as other patient populations do. â€Å"It's like landing airplanes at JFK airport,† says Ken Duckworth, medical director of the National Alliance on Mental Illness. â€Å"There is just no place for them to go. † (306 words) adapted from July 12, 2008 Newsweek article, â€Å"The Woman Who Died in the Waiting Room† by Jeneen Interlandi   Writing DirectionsRead the passage above and write an essay responding to the ideas it presents. In your essay, be sure to summarize the passage in your own words, stating the author’s most important ideas. Develop your essay by identifying one idea in the passage that you feel is especially significant, and explain its significance. Support your claims with evidence or examples drawn from what you have read, learned in school, and/or personally experienced. Remember to review your essay and make any changes or corrections that are needed to help your reader follow your thinking. You will have 90 minutes to complete your essay.